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control initiation

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1 control initiation

control initiation Kommandogabe f (Schaltanlage)

English-German dictionary of Electrical Engineering and Electronics > control initiation
2 initiation control device

• uređaj za regulaciju početne f

English-Serbian dictionary > initiation control device
3 initiation-control device

• устройство за регулиране на начална фаза

English-Bulgarian polytechnical dictionary > initiation-control device
4 initiation-control devices

• устройство за регулиране на начална фаза

English-Bulgarian polytechnical dictionary > initiation-control devices
5 emergency feedwater initiation and control
1. пуск и регулирование системы аварийной подачи питательной воды
пуск и регулирование системы аварийной подачи питательной воды
(на АЭС)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- emergency feedwater initiation and control
- EFIC
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > emergency feedwater initiation and control
6 operational control

operational control

The exercise of authority over the initiation, continuation, diversion or termination of a flight in the interest of the safety of the aircraft and the regularity and efficiency of the flight.

(AN 3; AN 6/I; AN 6/III; PANS-ATM)

руководство полётами; эксплуатационный контроль

Oсущeствлeниe пoлнoмoчий в oтнoшeнии нaчaлa, прoдoлжeния или oкoнчaния пoлётa, a тaкжe измeнeния мaршрутa в интeрeсaх бeзoпaснoсти вoздушнoгo суднa, рeгулярнoсти и эффeктивнoсти пoлётa.

International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (English-Russian) > operational control
7 emergency feed water initiation and control

Техника: запуск и управление подачей аварийной питательной воды

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > emergency feed water initiation and control
8 point

головной [тыльный] дозор; ориентир; пункт; балл

C3 nodal point — узловой пункт системы оперативного управления и связи

traffic (circulation) control point — пункт регулирования движения транспорта

— adjusted aiming point

— adjusted air release point

— adjusting point

— advance guard point

— advanced distributing point

— advanced point

— advanced supply point

— advantage point

— aerial refueling control point

— agreed point

— aiming point

— air control point

— air defense defended point

— air passage point

— air release point

— air staging point

— airborne FAC point

— airdrop pick-up point

— airlift delivery point

— airlift pick-up point

— alternate link-up point

— ambush point

— ammunition breakdown point

— ammunition control point

— ammunition delivery point

— ammunition distributing point

— ammunition refilling point

— ammunition supply point

— ammunition transfer point

— amphibious assault control point

— area reference point

— armament delivery point

— armored point

— artillery ammunition distributing point

— assault aircraft control point

— assault point

— assembly point

— assumed aiming point

— automatic picture transmission point

— backloading point

— base point

— bath and clothing exchange point

— bath point

— battalion base point

— battle closure point

— beach discharge point

— beach supply point

— beach transfer point

— blank point

— boat-offloading point

— bombing aim point

— bomb-release point

— bridge preassembly point

— bulk breaking point

— bulk reduction point

— burnout point

— burst point

— calibration point

— cannibalization point

— capture point

— carrier control point

— casualty clearing point

— casualty collecting point

— casualty sorting point

— central PW collecting point

— central stock control point

— check point

— chemical service point

— chemical supply point

— choke point

— civilian collecting point

— civilian internee collecting point

— classified map distribution point

— coast-in point

— collecting point

— collection point

— collision point

— commanding point

— communications check point

— communications point

— company release point

— computed air release point

— computer system subscriber point

— consolidated distribution point

— contact point between units

— contact point

— container-filling point

— contamination control point

— control point

— coordinating point

— crisis point

— critical point

— crosshair aim point

— crossing point

— cross-over point

— cutoff point

— damaged vehicle collecting point

— data line reference point

— datum point

— debarkation point

— debussing point

— decanting point

— decision point

— declinating point

— decontamination point

— delivery point

— departure point

— depot stock point

— description point

— desired mean point of impact

— detonation initiation point

— detraining point

— detrucking point

— directing point

— discharge point

— dismounting point

— dispersal point

— distant aiming point

— distributing point

— distribution point

— downlink point

— drop-off point

— dry water supply point

— effective point of burst

— embarkation point

— embussing point

— engagement point

— engineer regulating point

— engineer supply point

— en-route rally point

— entraining point

— entrucking point

— equipment collecting point

— equipment replenishment point

— exchange point

— exit/entry points

— expected kill point

— ferrying point

— fictitious reference point

— field water point

— fill point

— fire point

— firing point

— flight release point

— focal point of attack

— force rendezvous point

— fording point

— forward ammunition point

— forward area rearm and refuel point

— forward distribution point

— forward point

— forward supply point

— fuel reduction point

— fuel system supply point

— gasoline distributing point

— gasoline supply point

— geographical point

— go-no-go point

— ground control point

— ground datum point

— ground point

— guidance initial point

— gun aiming point

— hard point

— heavy drop resupply point

— helicopter breakup point

— helicopter departure point

— helicopter drop point

— helicopter pick-up point

— high point

— holding and reconsignment point

— holding point

— identification point

— indirect fire reference point

— initial aiming point

— initial firing point

— initial point

— initial rallying point

— initiation point

— intermediate evacuation point

— inventory control point

— jumping-off point

— junction point

— key observation point

— key point

— kill point

— known datum point

— landing point

— launching point

— light reference point

— light tank observation point

— linear reference point

— link-up point

— litter relay point

— loading point

— loading point

— logistics control point

— logistics release point

— main effort point

— main point of penetration

— maintenance collecting point

— maintenance point

— major datum point

— map distribution point

— map supply point

— march collecting point

— marching-off point

— mean point of bursts

— mean point of impact

— medical distributing point

— medical supply point

— message pick-up and drop point

— message relay point

— message transfer point

— messenger pick-up point

— mine breakdown point

— missile aim point

— mobile supply point

— mobilization point

— monitoring point

— mounted point

— mounting point

— multiple aim point

— multiple launch point

— munitions distributing point

— National Inventory Control point

— National Maintenance point

— NATO communications interface point

— nodal communications point

— nonwaiverable promotion point

— nuclear ammunition supply point

— objective point

— objective rallying point

— observation point

— observing point

— off-loading point

— offset aiming point

— offset point

— ordnance central stock control point

— ordnance collecting point

— ordnance supply point

— origin point

— passage point

— patient collecting point

— penetration point

— personnel assistance point

— petrol point

— pick-up point

— pick-up zone release point

— pivot point

— point of impact

— pop-up point

— preassembly point

— predesignated rendezvous point

— predicted collision point

— predicted point of impact

— promotion point

— pull-up point

— PW collecting point

— radar point

— radar reference point

— rallying point

— ranging point

— rapid refueling point

— ration delivery point

— rear guard point

— rear point

— rearm and refuel point

— reclothing point

— reconsignment point

— recovery and disposition collecting point

— reentry rally point

— reference point

— refilling point

— refueling point

— registration point

— regulating point

— relay point

— release point

— rendezvous point

— reporting point

— rest point

— resupply point

— retail filling point

— roll-in point

— route critical point

— safe-in-range point

— saivage collecting point

— salvo point

— search point

— shot point

— SIGINT processing point

— signal central stock control point

— single reference point

— sorting point

— sound registration point

— special ammunition supply point

— squad release point

— starting point

— stock control point

— stores distribution point

— stores loading point

— strategic focal point

— striking point

— supply delivery point

— supply point

— support point

— surveillance vantage points

— survey control point

— switching point

— tactical point

— tactical rallying point

— tank point

— tanker-tc-tanker transfer point

— target approach point

— target reference point

— termination point

— terrain point

— thrust point

— topping-off point

— trailer transfer point

— training point

— transfer point

— transload point

— transportation control point

— triage point

— trial shot point

— triple point

— turn-in point

— turning point

— unclassified map distribution point

— underwater fording point

— unserviceable equipment rally point

— vantage point

— vehicle delivery point

— vehicle-collecting point

— via point

— view point

— visual identification point

— visual reference point

— visual target identification point

— vital point

— vulnerable point

— warming point

— water distributing point

— water supply point

— wave rendezvous point

— way point

— weapon release point

— wet point

— witness point

— zero point

English-Russian military dictionary > point
9 system

система; комплекс; средство; способ; метод; сеть (напр. дорог) ;

aiming-navigation system (analog, digital) — прицельно-навигационная система (аналоговая, цифровая)

air (nuclear) delivery system — авиационная система доставки (ядерного) боеприпаса (к цели)

air observation, acquisition and fire control system — (бортовая) система воздушной разведки, засечки целей и управления огнем

air support aircraft ECM (equipment) system — (бортовая) система РЭП для самолетов авиационной поддержки

airborne (ground) target acquisition and illumination laser system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и подсветки (наземных) целей

airborne (ground) targeting and laser designator system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и целеуказания (наземных целей)

airborne laser illumination, ranging and tracking system — ав. бортовая система лазерной подсветки, определения дальности и сопровождения цели

area defense missile system 3PK — для зональной ПВО

artillery (nuclear) delivery system — артиллерийская система доставки (ядерного) боеприпаса (к цели)

automatic (gun) laying system — автоматическая система наводки орудия

C2 system — система оперативного управления; система руководства и управления

C3 system — система руководства, управления и связи; система оперативного управления и связи

channel and message switching (automatic) communications system — АСС с коммутацией каналов и сообщений

combat service support (control) system — АСУ тыловым обеспечением (боевых действий) войск

country-fair type rotation system (of instruction) — метод одновременного обучения [опроса] нескольких учебных групп (переходящих от одного объекта изучения к другому)

dual-capable (conventional/nuclear) weapon delivery system — система доставки (обычного или ядерного) боеприпаса к цели

electromagnetic emitters identification, location and suppression system — система обнаружения, опознавания и подавления источников электромагнитных излучений [излучающих РЭС]

field antimissile (missile) system — полевой [войсковой] ПРК

fire-on-the-move (air defense) gun system — подвижный зенитный артиллерийский комплекс для стрельбы в движении [на ходу]

fluidic (missile) control system — ркт. гидравлическая [струйная] система управления полетом

forward (area) air defense system — система ПВО передового района; ЗРК для войсковой ПВО передового района

graduated (availability) operational readiness system — Бр. система поэтапной боевой готовности (частей и соединений)

high-resolution satellite IR detection, tracking and targeting system — спутниковая система с ИК аппаратурой высокой разрешающей способности для обнаружения, сопровождения целей и наведения средств поражения

ICBM (alarm and) early warning satellite system — спутниковая система обнаружения пусков МБР и раннего предупреждения (средств ПРО)

information storage, tracking and retrieval system — система накопления, хранения и поиска информации

instantaneous grenade launcher (armored vehicle) smoke system — гранатомет (БМ) для быстрой постановки дымовой завесы

large area (smoke) screening system — система постановки дымовых завес на большой площади

limited weather (capability) AA system — невсепогодный зенитный комплекс

NATO C2 Information system — АИС руководства и управления НАТО

Operational C2 Intelligence system — система оперативного руководства и управления разведкой (СВ)

plotted trajectory missile system 3PK — с наведением методом совмещения траекторий цели и ракеты

point (gas) alarm system — объектовая газосигнализаторная система

Precision Location [Locator] (and) Strike system — высокоточная система обеспечения обнаружения и поражения целей; высокоточный разведывательно-ударный комплекс

rapid deceleration (parachute) delivery system — парашютная система выброски грузов с быстрым торможением

real time, high-resolution reconnaissance satellite system — спутниковая разведывательная система с высокой разрешающей способностью аппаратуры и передачей информации в реальном масштабе времени

received signal-oriented (output) jamming signal power-adjusting ECM system — система РЭП с автоматическим регулированием уровня помех в зависимости от мощности принимаемого сигнала

sea-based nuclear (weapon) delivery system — система морского базирования доставки ядерного боеприпаса к цели

site defense (missile) system — ПРК для объектовой ПРО (для защиты ШПУ)

small surface-to-air ship self-defense (missile) system — ЗРК ближнего действия для самообороны корабля

Status Control, Alerting and Reporting system — система оповещения, контроля и уточнения состояния [боевой готовности] сил и средств

surface missile (weapon) system — наземный [корабельный] РК

target acquisition, rapid designation and precise aiming system — комплекс аппаратуры обнаружения цели, быстрого целеуказания и точного прицеливания

— AA cannon system

— AA defense system

— AA gun system

— AA missile launching warning system

— AA missile system

— AA system

— AA tank system

— AA/antimissile system

— ABM defense system

— ACE High Tropospheric Communications system

— acoustic locating system

— acquisition system

— active ECM system

— active hydroacoustic submarine surveillance system

— active illumination system

— active lighting system

— active long-range submarine detection stationary system

— adaptive control system

— adaptive moving target detection system

— adverse weather air delivery system

— aerial antiarmor system

— aerial AT weapon system

— aerial cargo delivery system

— aerial communications system

— aerial fire system

— aerial mine dispensing system

— aerial missile system

— aerial photoreconnaissance evaluation system

— aerial reconnaissance picture retrieval system

— aerial rocket system

— aerodynamic weapon system

— aeromedical system

— aerosol screening system

— aerospace system

— air bag shock absorber system

— air defense command information system

— air defense data processing and representation system

— air defense ground environment system

— air defense missile weapon system

— air defense missile/gun system

— air defense system in overwatch role

— air defense system

— air defense/AT system

— air navigation and bombing system

— air surveillance system

— air target laser tracking and ranging system

— air/ground hit recording system

— air-based antimissile system

— airborne battlefield mining system

— airborne EO target acquisition system

— airborne location and strike system

— airborne mining system

— airborne tactical data system

— airborne UV laser reconnaissance system

— airborne warning and control system

— airborne weapons system

— airborne/space-based laser space defense system

— air-breathing strategic attack system

— aircraft intercept missile system

— aircraft maintenance management information system

— aircraft mine delivery system

— aircraft vectoring system

— aircraft wake turbulence detection system

— aircraft-delivery system

— aircraft-submerged submarine laser communications system

— air-delivered scatterable minefield system

— air-deployment delivery system

— air-dropped mine splash points location radar system

— air-ground TV system

— air-launched ABM system

— airship-helicopter ultra-heavy lift system

— airspace control system

— airspace management system

— air-to-ground laser communications system

— air-to-ground pickup system

— air-to-ground weapon systems seismic scoring system

— alarm annunciation system

— alarm system

— alert notification system

— alerting telling system

— all altitude missile system

— all aspect passive IR homing guidance system

— all azimuth retaliatory system

— all weather system

— all-out war weapon system

— all-round traverse multiple rocket system

— all-source analysis system

— all-ways grenade initiating system

— alternate system

— alternative system

— ammunition feed system

— ammunition stowage and feed system

— ammunition system

— amphibious assault bulk fuel handling system

— amphibious bridging system

— analog data transmission system

— angle-measuring tank radio navigation system

— angular rate bombing system

— antiair and tactical missile system

— antiantisatellite system

— antiballistic helmet system

— anticompromise emergency destruction system

— anticountermine mobility equipment system

— antidecoy system

— antidisplacement system

— antihigh trajectory BM system

— antiinfiltration detection system

— antiintrusion detection system

— antilow trajectory BM system

— antimine container system

— antimine system

— antimissile gun system

— antimissile missile system

— antioscillation sighting system

— antipersonnel weapons system

— antiradiation homing head system

— antisatellite defense system

— antisatellite system

— antiship missile decoy system

— antiship missile defense system

— antisubmarine action data system

— antisubmarine mortar system

— antisubmarine weapon system

— antitactical BM system

— area denial weapon system

— armament system

— armed decoy penetration system

— arming system

— armor system

— armored ammunition delivery system

— armor-plating system

— arms system

— Army Authorization Documents system

— Army container-oriented distribution system

— army corps modular control system

— Army Personnel system

— Army Terrain Intelligence system

— Army Training Management system

— Army Wholesale Logistics system

— artificial intelligence system

— artillery and rocket delivered scatterable mine system

— artillery delivery area mining system

— artillery meteorological system

— artillery mining system

— artillery position detection IR-laser system

— artillery rocket system

— artillery saturation fire system

— artillery tube nuclear delivery system

— artillery type vehicle navigation system

— ASW shipborne missile system

— AT mine clearance system

— AT mine dispensing system

— AT mine-scattering system

— AT missile system

— atmosphere laser communications system

— attack sonar system

— audio and visual information electronic training system

— audio/video monitoring system

— authentication system

— automated air warfare system

— Automated Career Management system

— automated control system

— automated image data extraction system

— automated logistics data processing system

— Automated Military Justice Analysis and Management system

— automated minefield system

— automated scoring target system

— automated software system

— automated troop control system

— automated warehouse system

— automated weapon control system

— automated weapon delivery system

— automatic artillery fire control and liaison system

— automatic command system

— automatic control system

— automatic data handling system

— automatic data processing system

— Automatic Data system for the Army in the Field

— automatic elevation recovery system

— automatic fire detection and suppression system

— automatic laying angle correction system

— automatic linear positioning system

— automatic magazine handling and loading system

— automatic mine delivery system

— automatic mine scatter system

— automatic missile reload system

— automatic sound ranging system

— automatic strike recording system

— automatic survey and sighting system

— automatic time-phased downgrading and declassification system

— automatic TV tracking and AA weapon guidance system

— automatic video scoring system

— automatic weapon aiming correction system

— automotive test system

— autonomous all-weather air defense weapon system

— autonomous positioning system

— azimuth orientation system

— bacteriological attack detection system

— bacteriological weapon delivery system

— ballistic attack system

— balloon-haul ship-to-shore cargo transportation system

— ballute free-fall weapon retarding system

— bar-in-the-tube torsion suspension system

— barometric and radar altimeter readings comparison system

— barrier warfare system

— base and installation security system

— base-line system

— battery computer system

— battle dress clothing system

— battle management system

— battlefield air defense system

— battlefield computer graphics system

— battlefield data system

— battlefield illumination airborne system

— battlefield intruder alarm system

— battlefield mission management system

— battlefield nuclear support system

— battlefield support missile system

— battlefield surveillance automated ground sensor system

— beam director system

— bell-ringer communications system

— binary beam radio direction finding system

— binary lethal weapon system

— biological detection system

— black voice system

— blast-actuated nuclear detonation control system

— blowback automatic operation system

— blowback locked breech system

— blue-line reporting system

— BM rapid reload launching system

— BM submarines extremely low frequency communications system

— bomb director system

— bomb loading system

— bomb retarding system

— bomb trajectory correction system

— bombardment space weapon system

— bomb-carrier aircraft link guidance system

— bombing sighting system

— bomblet dispensing system

— boost-coast-boost system

— border observation system

— bound coordinate system

— branch quota system

— broad-band chaff decoy system

— buddy foxhole system

— buddy training system

— built-in test malfunction system

— buried and hardened cable communications system

— burst sensing fire control system

— burst-on-target training system

— candidate weapon system

— cannon artillery weapon system

— cannon remote mining system

— carbons secret writing system

— cargo extraction roller skid system

— cargo-ejection system

— cargo-extraction system

— CAS weapon system

— caseless ammunition firing system

— CBR agent/materiel detection and warning system

— central authorities system

— central tire inflation system

— central weapon system

— centralized promotion system

— chaff grenade launching system

— chaff/flare countermeasures system

— chaff/flare/expendable jammer system

— challenge and password number system

— checker board interlocking positions system

— chemical defense training system

— chemical detection system

— chemical gas analyzer mine detection system

— circuit identification system

— circuit switching system

— circular communications net system

— circular scan thermal imaging system

— civilian personnel information system

— clear-lane marking system

— close-combat antiarmor system

— closed circuit TV automatic tracking system

— closed loop support system

— closed-breech scavenger system

— close-in point defense antimissile system

— close-in self-defense tracking system

— close-in weapon system

— closely-spaced basing system

— cloud environment seeding system

— clutter environment target selection system

— clutter environment target discrimination system

— clutter false alarm control automated radar detection system

— code command system

— cold weather clothing system

— collected overpressure system

— collective NBC defense system

— color image intensification system for night vision

— combat arms regimental system

— combat direction system

— combat information and control system

— combat laser aiming system

— combat service support functional system

— combat system

— combat vehicle main armament system

— combat vehicle radio navigation system

— combat vehicle weapon system

— combined air defense weapons control system

— combined effects bomblet system

— command arming system

— command system

— communications intercept/recording system

— communications line terminal system

— communications material security control system

— communications monitoring and emitter location system

— communications plan automation system

— communications satellite system

— communications surveillance system

— communications switching system

— competitive promotion system

— complex weapon system

— computed air release point system

— computer assisted map maneuver system

— computer release weapon system

— computer-aided intelligence data retrieval system

— computerized exercise control system

— computerized fire control system

— computerized infantry battlefield training system

— computer-oriented landform classification system

— consolidated mess system

— container-ASW helicopter system

— containerized weapon control system

— container-offloading and transfer system

— continuous orbital guidance system

— continuous targeting system

— continuously set vector bombing sighting system

— contour flying system

— controllable reused manned weapon delivery system

— controlled delivery system

— controlled descent cargo drop system

— controlled dispersion multiple rocket system

— coorbital inspection system

— counter EO-threat smoke system

— counter IR spectrum devices smoke screen system

— counter system

— counterforce first strike system

— countermeasures detection and location system

— countermeasures dispenser system

— countermeasures dispensing system

— countermeasures guidance system

— countermeasures warning and control system

— counterpressure system

— countersurprise military system

— county regiment system

— credit supply system

— crew-compartment automatic fire suppression system

— crypto-secure system

— darkfire missile control system

— data multiplexing system

— data processing and presentation system

— data relay satellite system

— dead-reckoning system

— debugging system

— decoy rocket system

— dedicated intelligence link communications system

— deep interdiction system

— deep penetration weapon system

— defense effective system

— Defense Satellite Communications system

— defense suppression weapon system

— defense weapon system

— defensive nuclear weapons system

— deployment/employment mobilization status reporting system

— depth charge warhead antisubmarine rocket system

— destabilizing military system

— deterrent retaliatory system

— difference-distance measuring tank radio navigation system

— differential target-missile tracking system

— digital coherent moving target indication system

— digital data handling and distribution system

— digital data transmission system

— digital facsimile transmission system

— digital fire control system

— digital range tracking system

— digital weapon control system

— direct ascent antisatellite system

— direct ascent killer-satellite system

— direct fire antiarmor system

— direct gas operation weapon system

— directed energy beam ABM system

— directional gyrocompass tank navigation system

— disability evaluation system

— disablement feature system

— discrete detection casualty assessment system

— discrete information transmission system

— dismounted weapons system

— dispensing system

— disrupt command system

— distance-measuring tank radio navigation system

— distant mine and minefield detection system

— distributed explosives biological agent dispersal system

— disturbed line-of-sight system

— division air defense system

— division logistical system

— division maneuver system

— division supply system

— division support system

— document retrieval system

— Doppler-inertial guidance navigational and attack system

— double key system

— double-circuit radar fire control system

— double-differential steering system

— down-looking imaging IR sensing system

— drone delivery system

— drone-formation control system

— dry and wet bridging system

— dual fire control system

— dual radar system

— dual weapon system

— dual-capable artillery weapon system

— dual-capable SAM system

— dual-speciality officer personnel management system

— duel-type ABM defense system

— early biological attack identification system

— early-warning system

— Earth-based coordinate system

— Earth-centered inertial system

— ECM/ELINT system

— ECM-dispensing system

— efficiency reporting system

— electric power guided wave transmission field system

— electric power microwave ray transmission field system

— electromagnetic compatibility priority system

— electromagnetic subsurface profiling system

— electronic battlefield surveillance system

— electronic fence warning system

— electronic sentry system

— electronically keyed system

— elevation-angle track and surveillance system

— ELINT bulk gathering system

— emergency broadcast system

— emergency communications satellitelaunching rocket system

— emergency message automatic transmission system

— emerging logistics system

— emitter location and direction finding system

— emitter location system

— energy depot system

— engine winterization system

— enlisted evaluation system

— entry control system

— EO AA gunfire control system

— EO imaging system

— EO navigation bombing system

— European Exchange system

— Eurostrategic missile weapon system

— Eurostrategic system

— EW self-protection system

— excess systems

— exhaust IR suppression system

— expendables dispensing system

— expert system

— explosive safe and arming system

— explosive source parameters multisite estimation system

— FA Computer Equipment system

— face-piece-type collective protection system

— fail solution director-type fire control system

— fair-weather AT missile system

— fair-weather line-of-sight SAM system

— fast automatic shuttle transfer system

— fast reaction missile system PK

— fault-detection/location system

— fiber scope night vision system

— fiber-optics multiplexing system

— field ABM defense system

— field public address system

— field stock control system

— fighter aircraft system

— fighter direction laser system

— fighting compartment stabilization system

— fighting vehicle system

— fingerprint verification entry control system

— fire control radar system

— fire control sight system

— fire distribution and control system

— fire simulation system

— fire weapon system

— fire-explosion suppression fuel system

— fire-extinguisher system

— fire-marking system

— fixed ASW detection system

— fixed post system

— fixed-site strategic attack system

— flail mine clearance system

— Fleet operational telecommunications automated control system

— flight guidance system

— fluidic mortar repositioning system

— flying boom air refueling system

— flying weapon system

— follow-on weapon system

— foot mobile infantry AT system

— force field ABM defense system

— force status reporting system

— force supply tracking system

— forced entry deterrent system

— formal alert system

— fortification defense system

— fortified AT defense system

— fortified bunker system

— fortified defense system

— forward reconnaissance and target designation vehicle system

— forward terminal communications system

— forward-based aircraft system

— forward-based nuclear delivery system

— forward-based system

— free-ride delivery system

— front-line defense system

— fuel fire suppression system

— fuzing system

— garage system of ICBM deployment

— gas impingement system

— gas particles filter system

— generic EV/ system

— geocentric rectangular coordinate system

— geographic reference system

— glide-angle indication light system for night helicopter extracts

— global antisubmarine surveillance ocean bottom system

— global phase hyperbolic radio navigation system

— global range weapons delivery system

— global satellite warning system

— GM system

— go-no-go grading system

— grading system

— Green Arrow priority system

— grenade-launching smoke screen system

— grid coordinate system

— grid-square numbering system

— ground airborne radar picture interpretation correlation system

— ground arresting gear system

— ground EO deep space surveillance system

— ground nuclear delivery system

— ground order of battle system

— ground proximity cargo delivery system

— ground target tracking laser illumination system

— ground vehicle mine dispensing system

— ground-based antisatellite defense system

— ground-based defensive system

— ground-based ground-to-air ECM system

— ground-based ground-to-grcund ECM system

— ground-based gun aircraft unit barrage ABM defense system

— ground-based missile system

— ground-based mobile jamming system

— ground-based surveillance system

— ground-emplaced mine scattering system

— ground-emplaced sensor system

— ground-to-air engagement simulation system

— guidance reference system

— guidance system

— guided bombing system

— gun ammunition system

— gun and turret drive system

— gun sound ranging system

— gun/sight stabilization system

— gunfire locating system

— gun-rnissiie integrated weapon system

— gun-two net fire control system

— gyrocompass automatic navigation system

— hard-kill system

— hard-point defense system

— head-on and pursuit firing portable AA missile system

— heat source direction finding system

— heavy equipment transporter system

— height-of-burst sound ranging system

— helicopter air-to-air self-defense gun system

— helicopter area weapons system

— helicopter ECM system

— helicopter expedient refueling system

— helicopter mine delivery system

— helicopter moving ground target detection system

— helicopter point weapons system

— helicopter remote mining system

— helicopter terminal guidance system

— helicopter-balloon system

— helicopter-delivered mine system

— helicopter-standoff AT missile weapon system

— helmet compatible communications/aural protective system

— helmet-integrated sighting and control system

— hesitation blowback weapon system

— high clutter environment low-altitude air defense system

— high level container airdrop system

— high orbital bombardment system

— high-accuracy internal guidance stand-off system

— high-altitude relay system

— high-endoatmospheric defense system

— highly resistant to jamming system

— high-probability air defense system

— high-security data base management system

— high-speed digital information transmission system

— high-speed digital multiplexing system

— holographic surface mapping system

— holography air photography system

— homing-bomblet scattering cluster warhead projectile system

— horizontal radio altimeter control-vertical radar guidance system

— hot picture system

— hydroacoustic submarine surveillance system

— hydrographic survey and charting system

— hydrographic system

— hyperbolic radio navigational system

— hypersonic strategic defensive weapon system

— hypersonic strategic offensive weapon system

— ICBM basing system

— ICBM battle management system

— ICBM canister and shock isolation system

— ICBM continuous targeting system

— ICBM deployment system

— ICBM launcher rapid reload system

— illumination system

— imagery system

— impact initiation system

— independent recoil system

— independent vertical line-of-sight stabilization system

— independently targetable AT submissile warhead system

— indirect fire AT guided missile system

— indirect weapons locating system

— individual load-carrying system

— ineradicable features personnel characteristics verification system

— inertial control system

— inertial coordinate system

— inertial stabilization optical system

— inertial-with-terminal correction guidance and control system

— infantry direct fire simulator system

— infantry remoted target system

— in-flight data transmission system

— information accumulation storage and retrieval system

— information acquisition system

— information computation system

— information display system

— information dissemination system

— information distribution system

— information input packet switching system

— information processing system

— information retrieval system

— in-grade step system

— inspection and diagnostic system

— instantaneous remote ammunition selection system

— instinctive rifle bayonet fighting system

— integrated acoustic communications system

— integrated battle area surveillance system

— integrated communications system

— integrated defense system

— integrated fire and air support system

— integrated fire control system

— integrated information system

— Integrated Operational Nuclear Detection system

— integrated refractive effects prediction system

— integrated voice communications system

— integrated weapons control system

— integrity arming system

— intelligence community information system

— intelligence data handling system

— intelligence information retrieval system

— intercommunications system

— intermodal containerized system

— interoperable communications security system

— interphone system

— intrusion detection and identification system

— inventory control system

— IR decoy-target discrimination system

— IR decoy-target identification system

— IR gathering system

— IR intruder system

— IR intrusion system

— IR-line scanning reconnaissance system

— IR-sensors/radar air defense fire control system

— joint Air and Air Defense Control system

— joint air defense automatic control system

— joint airspace surveillance system

— Joint Army-Navy grid system

— joint in-flight data transmission system

— joint information search and retrieval system

— joint multichannel trunking and switching system

— Joint Strategic Planning system

— Joint Surveillance system

— Joint Tactical Information Distribution system

— joint tactical missile system

— killer-satellite system

— land combat support system

— land mine barrier system

— land navigation system

— land-based strike system

— land-water-air system

— laser aiming system

— laser air reconnaissance system

— laser bombing system

— laser communications satellite system

— laser engagement imitation system

— laser fire control system

— laser intrusion detection system

— laser navigation system

— laser photo reconnaissance system

— laser rangefinder-sight fire control system

— laser satellite communications system

— laser scanning reconnnaissance system

— laser security system

— laser surveying system

— laser target tracking illumination system

— laser tracking system

— laser weapon control system

— laser weapon delivery pod system

— laser weapon system

— laser-acquisition and tracking SAM system

— laser-beam guidance antimissile system

— laser-guided discrete correction AA projectile system

— laser-homing and warning system

— laser-submarine detection system

— last ditch ground-based ABM defense system

— launch-and-leave missile system

— light weight advanced night/day surveillance system

— linear linkless ammunition feed system

— linear scanning IR ground target acquisition system

— line-of-sight AT missile system

— line-of-sight microwave radio relay system

— linked ammunition feed system

— listening post/OP warning system

— lockless fire arm system

— Logistics Master Planning system

— longevity compensation system

— long-recoil system

— look-down /shoot-down system

— low-altitude navigation and targeting IR night system

— low-altitude parachute extraction system

— low-angle radar tracking system

— low-false alarm rate missile warning system

— low-level AA system

— low-level air defense system

— low-level image intensification navigation TV system

— low-level radar system

— low-level weapon delivery system

— low-light level image intensification system

— low-light level sight system

— management and control system

— military direct dial telephone system

— military system

— mobility system

— National Communications system

— National Military Command system

— officer evaluation reporting system

— offline cryptographic system

— off-road mobile ICBM system

— offset target indicator system

— on-board oxygen generation system

— on-carriage sighting system

— on-line security system

— on-off mount fire control system

— open-bay housing system

— operational automatic schedule information system

— operational command/operational control system

— operational readiness test system

— operational sensor system

— optical acquisition and tracking AA missile system

— optical fiber data transmission system

— optical track command system

— opto-electronic alpha-numeric display system

— optronic fire control system

— optronic target designation system

— orbital defense system

— orbital offensive system

— OTH backscatter radar warning system

— outdoor interphone system

— outside-the-vehicle shell case ejection system

— overhead cover support system

— overseas unit replacement system

— packet-switching communications system

— parachute retrograde air drop system

— parachute-jet landing system

— parawing precision aerial delivery system

— partially space-based ABM defense system

— passive ECM system

— passive hydroacoustic submarine surveillance system

— passive thermic image night-aiming system

— payload deployment system

— performance management system

— performance measurement system

— perimeter acquisition radar attack characterization system

— Periodic Armaments Planning system

— periscope TV camera system

— permissive action link system

— personnel classification system

— personnel environment support system

— personnel management accounting and reporting system

— phased-array radar fire control system

— photogrammetric target location system

— pilot system

— pilot-aircraft-media system

— planning army authorization document system

— pneumatic and inertia arming system

— pneumatic fuel transport system

— point deployment system

— point target BM laser homing system

— portable airfield system

— portable decoy launcher system

— position location and reporting system

— post-boost control system

— press-to-talk system

— primary alerting system

— primary direct fire control system

— priority system for mission requests for tactical reconnaissance

— priority system

— privacy communications system

— program change control system

— projectile location system

— pulse energy detonation system

— PW Information system

— pyramidal structure hierarchic automated control system

— radar bombing system

— radar early warning and control system

— radar homing and warning system

— radar information transmission system

— radar scattering screening system

— radar system

— radar track command system

— radar warning receiver/processor system

— radar-controlled breeched AA weapon system

— radar-version microwave mine detection system

— radio frequency surveillance/ECM system

— radio/radar tracking and guidance system

— radiological defense support system

— radiological defense warning system

— radiotelephone and telephone authentication system

— random access personnel information system

— random-orbiting counter satellite barrage system

— range correction system

— range finding system

— rapid smoke screen system

— rapid sweep vehicular AT mine detection system

— rapid-fire artillery system

— real time intelligence data processing system

— rearm system

— receiver-responder/inertial guidance integrated system

— recognized air picture system

— recoilless-tube weapon system

— reconnaissance/strike system

— record keeping system

— recruit quota system

— Red/Black voice switching system

— redundant communications system

— regional airspace control system

— relative tank-target motion correction armament stabilization system

— remote antiarmor mine system

— remote artillery antiarmor mining system

— remote control explosive ordnance reconnaissance and disposal system

— remote ICBM retargeting system

— remote mine delivery system

— remote mining system

— remote pop-up target system

— remotely monitored battlefield sensor system

— remotely piloted observation/designation system

— remotely-controlled explosive boat system

— reporting system

— reports control system

— resource capability assessment system

— resource management system

— Retain system

— retarded flare system

— retractable missile launching system

— rifle-light MG system

— rifleman's assault system

— rocket command system

— rocket system

— rocket-assisted mine-clearing system

— rocket-assisted parachute system

— roller mine clearance system

— roller-locked bolt system

— rotor-mast-mounted target acquisition system

— RPV and ground station-based multichannel information transmission system

— running key system

— SAC operational planning system

— SAC operations planning system

— safeguards system

— safety and arming system

— satellite attack warning system

— satellite communications system

— satellite data relay system

— satellite destruction system

— satellite detection radar system

— satellite ground terminal system

— satellite identification system

— satellite inspection system

— satellite intercept and destruction system

— satellite radio navigation system

— satellite returning fire system

— satellite surveillance system

— satellite verification system

— satellite warning system

— satellite/aircraft ocean surveillance system

— satellite-based defense system

— satellite-borne surveillance system

— saturation firing weapon system

— scaled-range target system

— scatterable mine system

— scenario-oriented recurring evaluation system

— schedule control assault system

— scrambled speech communications system

— scrambling communications system

— screening ABM defense system

— sea surveillance satellite system

— sea-based strategic nuclear deterrent system

— sea-denial system

— sea-launched BM warning and display system

— sealed authentication system

— search and rescue satellite system

— see-and-shoot firing system

— selected calling system

— selective routing system

— selective service system

— self-contained system

— self-defense air defense system

— self-defense EW system

— self-defense jamming system

— self-defense system

— self-deployable weapon system

— semiactive low-rate sampled data system

— semicentralized promotion system

— semifixed SAM system

— semistationary ground missile system

— semistationary SAM system

— seniority cadetship system

— serial fire rifle system

— ship air defense system

— shipborne air defense missile system

— shipborne missile system

— shipping ASW/air defense container system

— ship-to-air missile system

— ship-to-submarine underwater telephone system

— short-pulse mode radar mine detection system

— short-range SAM system

— shuttle spacecraft system

— signal collecting system

— single channel ground and airborne radio system

— single missile channel SAM system

— single target channel SAM system

— single tube missile system PK

— single-component officer system

— single-mission weapon system

— site protection system

— Small Elevation Angle Track and Surveillance system

— small SAM system

— smoke discharger system

— snap and go guidance system

— sniper rifle system

— soft landing rocket system

— software driven system

— sonobuoy reference system

— sound ranging system

— sound surveillance system

— SP AA gun system

— Space Detection and Tracking system

— space surveillance intelligence system

— space transportation system

— space warning system

— space weapon system

— space-based attack alarm system

— space-based counterspace and Earth target combat system

— space-based laser ABM system

— space-borne ABM system

— space-borne bomber IR detection and tracking system

— space-borne early warning system

— space-borne ICBM interception system

— space-borne ICBM launch system

— space-borne laser transmission system

— space-borne weapon system

— speech security system

— spent-case ejection system

— spherical coordinate system

— spinning and stabilization system

— spot report receiver system

— spread-spectrum communications system

— spurious emission detection system

— Squad Combat Optical Evaluation system

— stabilized line-of-sight sighting system

— stabilized sight fire control system

— Standard Civilian Personnel Management Information system

— Standard Installation/Division Personnel system

— standby selective service system

— standoff ECM system

— star aiming system

— star war weapon system

— state-of-the-art system

— stationary ground missile system

— Stealth-like ECM system

— stellar correction system

— stellar navigation system

— stores management system

— Strategic Army Communications system

— strategic communications satellite system

— strategic communications system

— strategic defensive weapon system

— strategic delivery system

— strategic interplanetary system

— strategic missile system

— strategic nuclear delivery system

— strategic nuclear weapon system

— strategic offensive weapon system

— strategic retaliatory system

— strategic satellite system

— strategic shipborne missile system

— strategic war reconnaissance system

— strategic warning system

— strategic weapon system

— strike system

— Submarine Integrated Battle and Data system

— submissile dispensing system

— submunitions delivery system

— superminiature laser communications system

— super-precision laser guidance system

— support system

— surface effects system

— surface rectangular coordinate system

— surface towed array surveillance system

— surface-to-air missile system

— surface-to-air self-defense missile system

— surveillance and detection system

— surveillance and target attack radar system

— surveillance satellite system

— surveying system

— survivable system

— suspense system

— switchless telephone system

— synchronous bombing sighting system

— synchronous satellite communications system

— synthetic flight training system

— system BM airborne launch control system

— tactical air control system

— tactical air crew training system

— tactical air defense automatic control system

— Tactical Air Force Intelligence Exploitation system

— tactical air reconnaissance pod system

— tactical air reconnaissance results reporting system

— tactical air support control system

— tactical airborne signal exploitation system

— tactical area communications system

— tactical automatic routing exchange system

— tactical automatic switching system

— tactical bridge access system

— tactical bridge egress system

— tactical communications system

— tactical computer system

— tactical computer-based message switching system

— tactical control system

— tactical electronic locating and targeting system

— tactical emitter location and identification system

— Tactical Emitter Operational Support system

— tactical EW deception system

— tactical expendable drone system

— tactical information organization system

— tactical information processing and interpretation system

— tactical jamming system

— tactical landing system

— tactical missile navigation system

— tactical nuclear delivery system

— tactical operations interactive simulation system

— tactical operations system

— tactical surface-to-surface weapon system

— tactical trunk communications system

— tail warning system

— tail-chase portable air defense missile system

— tank emergency fuel evacuation system

— tank engine exhaust smoke system

— tank fire control IR system

— tank fire control laser system

— tank gun line-of-sight reference stabilization system

— tank IFF system

— tank passive pitch and roll damping system

— tank self-protective smoke system

— tank self-screening smoke system

— tank target video tracking system

— tank weapon system

— tape-controlled automatic test and checkout system

— target illumination system

— target physical vulnerability analysis system

— target range system

— target recognition and attack multisensor system

— target search and track system

— target search IR system

— target system

— target trajectory registration system

— target-missile optical tracking AT guided missile system

— telegraph automatic relay system

— telemetry automated processing system

— telephone analyzing antibugging system

— teletype broadcast system

— terminal operations and movements management system

— terrain contour mapping aircraft positioning system

— terrain independent system

— terrain matching radio navigation system

— terrain navigation system

— terrain reconnaissance IR scanning system

— torpedo warhead antisubmarine rocket system

— torsion bars-in-torsion tubes suspension system

— total hospitalization system

— towed hydroacoustic submarine surveillance system

— towed low-level air defense system

— toxic alarm system

— tracked ammunition delivery system

— tracked vehicle-based missile system

— trailer relay system

— turnkey system

— two-tier information system

— vehicle gas overpressure system

— vehicle navigation system

— vehicle rapid fire weapon system

— vehicle smoke grenade system

— vehicular minefield bridging system

— velocity coordinate system

— verification system

— vertical delivery ship underway replenishment system

— vertical launching system

— vertical stowage system

— very intelligent surveillance and target acquisition system

— vibrational sensor guard alarm system

— visual warning system

— voice warning system

— voice-ciphering system

— voluntary recruitment system

— war weapon system

— warehoused system

— warfare system

— warhead pitch and yaw control nozzle system

— warning system

— wartime supply system

— waterborne vehicle trainer system

— weapons control system

— weapons delivery system

— weapons effects display system

— weapons locating system

— weapons support system

— weapons system

— wet secret writing system

— wheeled vehicle-based missile system

— wideband communications system

— wire system

— world geographic reference system

— worldwide ammunition reporting system

— worldwide navigation and position location system

— worldwide standard data management system

— X-ray ABM system

— X-Y system

English-Russian military dictionary > system
10 system

система; установка; устройство; ркт. комплекс

"see to land" system — система посадки с визуальным приземлением

A.S.I. system — система указателя воздушной скорости

ablating heat-protection system — аблирующая [абляционная] система тепловой защиты

ablating heat-shield system — аблирующая [абляционная] система тепловой защиты

active attitude control system — ксм. активная система ориентации

active water recovery system — активная система восстановления воды

adaptive flight control system — самонастраивающаяся система управления ЛА

adaptive model following system — самонастраивающаяся система с эталонной моделью

aerial fire support system — система огневой поддержки с воздуха

aft-end rocket ignition system — система воспламенения заряда с задней части РДТТ [со стороны сопла]

afterburner fuel plumbing system — система топливоподачи форсажной камеры

air cushion landing system — система посадки на воздушную подушку

air jet nozzle control system — газоструйная система управления (ЛА)

air raid warning system — система оповещения о воздушном нападении

airborne night vision system — бортовая система ночного видения

airborne target location system — бортовая система обнаружения целей

aircraft fire suppression system — система тушения пожара с ЛА

aircraft response sensing system — система измерений параметров, характеризующих поведение ЛА

aircraft-carried earth axis system — связанная с ЛА земная система координат

air-inlet bypass door system — дв. система перепуска воздуха на входе

antiaircraft guided missile system — ракетная система ПВО; зенитный ракетный комплекс

antiaircraft guided weapons system — ракетная система ПВО; зенитный ракетный комплекс

armament and navigation system — прицельно-навигационная система

attenuated intercept satellite rendez-vous system — система безударного соединения спутников на орбите

attitude and azimuth reference system — система измерения или индикации углов тангажа, крена и азимута

automatic departure prevention system — система автоматического предотвращения сваливания или вращения после сваливания

automatic drift kick-off system — система автоматического устранения угла упреждения сноса (перед приземлением)

automatic flight control system — автоматическая система управления ЛА

automatic hovering control system — верт. система автостабилизации на висении

automatic indicating feathering system — автоматическая система флюгирования с индикацией отказа (двигателя)

automatic mixture-ratio control system — система автоматического регулирования состава (топливной) смеси

automatic parachute deployment system — автоматическая система ввода парашюта

automatic pitch control system — автомат тангажа; автоматическая система продольного управления [управления по каналу тангажа]

automatic scan monitoring system — автоматическая сканирующая система контроля

automatic speed brake retraction system — система автоматической уборки воздушных тормозов

B.L.C. high-lift system — система управления пограничным слоем для повышения подъёмной силы (крыла)

backpack life support system — ксм. ранцевая система жизнеобеспечения

ballistic missile early warning system — система дальнего обнаружения баллистических ракет

beam-rider (control, guidance) system — ркт. система наведения по лучу

biological life support system — биологическая система жизнеобеспечения

bioregenerative life support system — биорегенеративная система жизнеобеспечения

biowaste electric propulsion system — электрический двигатель, работающий на биологических отходах

blowing boundary layer control system — система управления пограничным слоем путем сдува

bob weight feel system — система загрузки с противовесом (в системе управления)

bomb bay door system — система управления створками бомбового отсека

buddy (refueling, tank) system — (подвесная) автономная система дозаправки топливом в полете

cabin pressure control system — система регулирования давления в кабине

carbon dioxide management system — система регулирования концентрации углекислого газа

carbon dioxide removal system — система удаления углекислого газа

closed respiratory gas system — регенерационная система жизнеобеспечения (в гермокабине)

closed(-circuit, -cycle) system — замкнутая система, система с замкнутым контуром или циклом; система с обратной связью

closed-cycle life support system — система жизнеобеспечения с замкнутым циклом

closed-loop life support system — система жизнеобеспечения с замкнутым циклом

control and reporting system — система управления и оповещения

Cooper-Harper pilot rating system — система баллов оценки ЛА лётчиком по Куперу — Харперу

cryogenic life support system — криогенная система жизнеобеспечения

deployable aerodynamic deceleration system — развёртываемая (в атмосфере) аэродинамическая тормозная система

depressurize the fuel system — стравливать избыточное давление (воздуха, газа) в топливной системе

driver gas heating system — аэрд. система подогрева толкающего газа

drone flight control system — система управления полётом беспилотного ЛА

drone formation flight system — система управления полётом беспилотных ЛА в строю

dry sump (lubrication) system — дв. система смазки с сухим картером [отстойником]

dual sequence ejection system — система последовательного катапультирования двух кресел

dual system of runways — система параллельных впп

earthbound coordinate system — земная система координат

ecliptic system of coordinates — эклиптическая система координат

elastomeric thermal shield system — эластомерная теплозащитная система

electric thrust control system — электрическая система регулирования тяги

electrically controlled antiskid system — автомат торможения с электроуправлением

electrically powered hydraulic system — электронасосная гидросистема (в отличие от гидросистемы с насосами, приводимыми от двигателя)

encapsulated flight control system — система управления ЛА из закрытой капсулы (лётчика)

engine bay cooling system — система охлаждения двигательного отсека

engine fuel control system — система регулирования подачи топлива к двигателю

engine fuel distribution system — топливораспределительная система двигателя

environmental thermal control system — система терморегулирования окружающих условий

equatorial coordinate system — экваториальная система координат

exhaust nozzle actuation system — система привода (створок) сопла

exponential control flare system — система выравнивания с экспоненциальным управлением (перед приземлением)

external fuel transfer system — система перекачки топлива из дополнительных баков в основные

final stage guidance system — система наведения на конечном участке

fixed system of coordinates — неподвижная система координат

flight augmentation control system — система автостабилизации ЛА

flight instrument warning system — система сигнализации о неисправностях пилотажных приборов

flight path control system — система управления траекторией полёта

flight plan interphone system — диспетчерская система связи

flywheel attitude control system — ксм. инерционная система ориентации

fuel (contents) gauging system — топливоизмерительная система

fuel quantity indicating system — система индикации (остающегося) запаса топлива

fuel tank inerting system — система нейтрального газа

fully powered control system — (необратимая) бустерная система управления

galactic system of coordinates — галактическая система координат

gas-ejection attitude control system — ксм. газоструйная система ориентация

gas-jet attitude control system — ксм. газоструйная система ориентация

gimballess inertial reference system — бесплатформенная инерциальная система отсчёта

glow plug ignition system — система зажигания с запальными свечами накаливания

ground proximity extraction system — система извлечения грузов из самолёта, пролетающего на уровне земли

head-up display landing system — система посадки с использованием индикации на лобовом стекле

helicopter capsule escape system — система аварийного покидания кабины вертолёта

heliocentric system of coordinates — гелиоцентрическая система координат

high-performance thermal protection system — система теплозащиты с высокими характеристиками

historical data recording system — система записи данных по времени

holographic flow visualization system — голографическая система визуализации потока

hot bleed air antiicing system — противообледенительная система с отбором горячего воздуха

hot-air balloon water recovery system — система спасения путем посадки на воду с помощью баллонов, наполняемых горячими газами

hydrogen fueled propulsion system — двигательная установка на водороде

hypersonic air data entry system — система для оценки аэродинамики тела, входящего в атмосферу планеты с гиперзвуковой скоростью

igh-temperature fatigue test system — установка для испытаний на выносливость при высоких температурах

infinitely variable reheat system — форсажная система со всережимным регулированием (тяги)

inflight emergency starting system — система аварийного запуска (двигателя) в полете

infrared radiation (detection) system — система обнаружения ИК-излучения

injection nozzle control system — система регулирования сопла введением жидкости или газа

integrated life support system — интегральная система жизнеобеспечения

interceptor (directing, vectoring) system — система наведения перехватчиков

ion electrical propulsion system — ксм. ионная двигательная установка

isotope-heated catalytic oxidizer system — система каталитического окислителя с нагревом от изотопного источника

jet vane actuation system — ркт. система привода газового руля

laminar flow control system — система искусственной ламинаризации обтекания

laminar flow pumping system — система насосов [компрессоров] для ламинаризации обтекания

launching range safety system — система безопасности ракетного полигона; система обеспечения безопасности космодрома

leading edge slat system — система выдвижных [отклоняемых] предкрылков

learning flight control system — учебная система управления ЛА

left-handed system of coordinates — левая система координат

lift cruise (propulsion) system — силовая установка с подъёмными и маршевыми двигателями

longitudinal static stability augmentation system — система продольной автостабилизации

long-range missile detection system — система дальнего обнаружения ракет

low-altitude parachute extraction system — система беспосадочного десантирования грузов с малых высот с использованием вытяжных парашютов

low-level terrain avoidance system — система обхода препятствий в полете на малых высотах

low-light level television system — телевизионная система для условий слабой освещённости

lunar module environmental control system — система контроля окружающих условий лунного отсека

lunar obstacle detection system — система обнаружения препятствий на лунной поверхности

lunar rover deployment system — система развёртывания лунохода в рабочее положение

magnetic attitude control system — ксм. магнитная система ориентации

magnetically slaved compass system — курсовая система с магнитной коррекцией, гироиндукционная курсовая система

main rotor control system — система управления несущим винтом

maneuver cemand control system — система управления с заданными границами маневренности

manned aerial weapons system — пилотируемая авиационная система оружия

manned orbital weapons system — пилотируемая орбитальная система оружия

manned space support system — пилотируемый (транспортный) КЛА для обеспечения космической станции

manned spacecraft environmental control system — система жизнеобеспечения экипажа КЛА

manned strategic weapon system — пилотируемая система оружия стратегического назначения

mass flow measuring system — система измерения массового расхода

mass-expulsion attitude control system — система ориентации за счёт истечения массы (газа, жидкости)

mass-motion attitude control system — ксм. система ориентации за счёт перемещения масс

mass-shifting attitude control system — ксм. система ориентации за счёт перемещения масс

missile launch detection system — система обнаружения пуска ракет

monopropellant rocket propulsion system — двигательная установка с ЖРД на унитарном [однокомпонентном] топливе

nitrogen jet control system — газоструйная система управления на сжатом азоте

nose-tow system for catapulting — система катапультирования (самолёта) за носовую стойку шасси

nucleonic propellant gauging and utilization system — система измерения и регулирования подачи топлива с использованием радиоактивных изотопов

open(-circuit, -cycle) system — открытая [незамкнутая] система, система с незамкнутым контуром или циклом; система без обратной связи

orbital attitude control system — система ориентации в орбитальном полете

panelized thermal protection system — панельная система теплозащиты

parachute low-altitude delivery system — система парашютного десантирования грузов с малых высот

parked aircraft security system — система охранной сигнализации ЛА на стоянке

passive thermal protection system — пассивная система тепловой защиты

passive water recovery system — пассивная система восстановления воды

personal life support system — индивидуальная система жизнеобеспечения

photosynthetic life support system — фотосинтетическая система жизнеобеспечения

pilot-controllable parachute descent system — управляемая парашютная система посадки

planet drag brake system — система аэродинамического торможения в окрестности планеты

planetary entry parachute system — парашютная система входа в атмосферу планеты

plenum chamber burning system — дв. система сжигания топлива во втором контуре

point air defense system — объектовая система ПВО

portable life support system — портативная система жизнеобеспечения

positioning system for the landing gear — система регулирования высоты шасси (при стоянке самолёта на земле)

precision emitter location system — система точного наведения на источник излучений

pressure type oil system — система смазки под давлением

pressurized feed system — вытеснительная система подачи (топлива)

punch card computer system — перфорационный вычислительный комплекс

radar altimeter low-altitude control system — система управления на малых высотах с использованием радиовысотомера

radar system for unmanned cooperative rendezvous in space — радиолокационная система для обеспечения встречи (на орбите) беспилотных кооперируемых КЛА

range and orbit determination system — система определения дальностей [расстояний] и орбит

real-time telemetry processing system — система обработки радиотелеметрических данных в реальном масштабе времени

recuperative cycle regenerable carbon dioxide removal system — система удаления углекислого газа с регенерацией поглотителя, работающая по рекуперативному циклу

reentry thermal protection system — система теплозащиты на участке возвращения в атмосферу

regenerable carbon dioxide removal system — регенеративная система удаления углекислого газа

rendezvous beacon and command system — маячно-командная система обеспечения встречи («а орбите)

right-handed system of coordinates — правая система координат

rocket motor measuring system — система измерения характеристик ракетных двигателей

rudder pedal nose-wheel steering system — система управления носовым колесом от педалей

satellite automatic terminal rendezvous and coupling system — автоматическая система сближения и стыковки спутников на орбите

satellite landing control system — система управления посадкой спутника

Schuler tuned inertial navigation system — система инерциальной навигации на принципе маятника Шулера

secondary life support system — вспомогательная система жизнеобеспечения

semiclosed stored water system — система обеспечения водой с полузамкнутым циклом

side force control system — система управления (ЛА) с использованием боковых сил

side stick control system — система управления (ЛА) с помощью боковой ручки

single-axis attitude control system — система стабилизации относительно одной оси

single-motion ejection initiation system — система катапультирования одним движением

slow-burning cartridge feed system — система подачи (топлива) пороховым аккумулятором давления

sodium superoxide carbon dioxide removal system — система удаления углекислого газа с помощью надперекиси натрия

space shuttle separation system — система разделения ступеней челночного воздушно-космического аппарата

space vehicle life support system — система жизнеобеспечения экипажа КЛА

space vehicle water reclamation system — система регенерации воды на КЛА

space-based attack alarm system — космическая система предупреждения о нападении

spacecraft ground-controlled approach system — наземная система управления заходом КЛА на посадку

stellar-monitored astroinertial navigation guidance system — астроинерциальная система навигации и управления с астрокоррекцией

switch back to the normal system — переключаться обратно на рабочую систему

switch to the emergency system — переключаться на аварийную систему

system of range side lobe — устройство подавления боковых лепестков

tactical air control system — система управления тактической авиацией

tailor the control system — доводить систему управления (применительно к объекту)

target search and track system — поисково-прицельная или поисково-следящая система

terminal control landing system — система управления посадкой по траектории, связанной с выбранной точкой приземления

terminal descent control system — ксм. система управления на конечном этапе спуска [снижения]

terminal guidance system for a satellite rendezvous — система управления на конечном участке траектории встречи спутников

test cell flow system — ркт. система питания (двигателя) топливом в огневом боксе

third chance flight control system — система управления ЛА с третьей резервной подсистемой

trajectory(-parameters) determination system — система определения траекторных параметров

unmanned weapon delivery system — беспилотная система доставки оружия к цели

variable air inlet system — система регулирования воздухозаборника

vectored thrust (propulsion) system — силовая установка с подъёмно-маршевым двигателем [двигателями]

vibration amplitude recording system — система регистрации амплитуды колебаний

visual glide path indication system — система визуальной индикации глиссады

water to oxygen system — ксм. система добывания кислорода из воды

wind tunnel data acquisition system — система регистрации (и обработки) данных при испытаниях в аэродинамической трубе

zero gravity humidity control system — система регулирования влажности в условиях невесомости

— all systems go

— fault-tolerant system

— hands-off autoland system

— one-and-zero escape system

— ablation heat-protection system

— ablation heat-shield system

— ablative heat-protection system

— ablative heat-shield system

— ABM system

— abort system

— absorption-fuel system

— absorptive system

— acceleration-command system

— accessory system

— accident-reporting system

— acid-aniline propellant system

— acquisition system

— active augmentation system

— active cooling system

— active guidance system

— active thermal-protection system

— active tracking system

— actuating system

— adaptive gain system

— adaptive system

— addressing system

— aerial defense system

— aerial recovery system

— aerocryptographic system

— aerodynamic control system

— aeronautical satellite system

— afterburner system

— aileron system

— aileron-rudder interconnect system

— aileron-spoiler system

— air aspirator system

— air defense system

— air inlet system

— air intercept system

— air regenerative system

— air ventilating system

— air warning system

— air-bag support system

— airborne measurement system

— airborne surveillance system

— airborne system

— air-breathing propulsion system

— air-collection system

— air-conditioning system

— aircraft designation system

— aircraft dispersal system

— aircraft escape system

— aircraft identification system

— aircraft reconnaissance system

— aircraft weapon system

— aircraft-fuel-tank-inerting system

— air-cycle system

— air-defense missile system

— airframe antiicing system

— airframe systems

— air-induction system

— air-oil oleo system

— airscrew-turbine system

— airspeed indicating system

— airspeed system

— air-to-air missile system

— air-to-air recovery system

— air-to-surface guidance system

— all-attitude gyro system

— alleviation system

— all-hydraulic control system

— all-inertial guidance system

— all-liquid system

— all-pneumatic system

— all-solid system

— all-weather system

— angle-of-approach indicator system

— angle-of-attack detecting system

— angle-of-attack sensing system

— angle-of-attack system

— angle-tracking system

— antiaircraft system

— antiaircraft warning system

— anticountermeasures system

— antifogging system

— anti-G protective system

— anti-ICBM system

— antiicing control system

— antiicing system

— antimissile defense system

— antiradiation homing system

— antiretraction system

— antisatellite defense system

— antiskid system

— antispin system

— antistall system

— approach assessment system

— approach lighting system

— approach sequencing system

— area-coverage navigation system

— area-defense system

— armament control system

— armament system

— arrester system

— arresting system

— artificial feel system

— artificial stability system

— ascent propulsion system

— assisted escape system

— ASTP docking systems

— astronavigation system

— astronomical guidance system

— atmosphere control system

— atmospheric abort system

— ATS system

— attached shock-wave system

— attitude control system

— attitude sensing system

— audible warning system

— audio system

— augmented-jet ejector system

— augmented-lift system

— autofeather system

— autoflare system

— autoland system

— automated data system

— automatic abort system

— automatic braking system

— automatic checkout system

— automatic control system

— automatic destruct system

— automatic landing system

— automatic mass-trim system

— automatic overshoot system

— automatic stabilization system

— automatic throttle system

— automatic trim system

— autopilot system

— autopitch control system

— autorelight system

— autostabilization system

— autostabilizer system

— autothrottle system

— avionics system

— avoidance system

— azimuth laying system

— backup system

— bailout warning system

— ballistic ejection system

— balloon-type deceleration system

— basic propulsion system

— battery-powered system

— beam-riding/radio altimeter gui

— beta control system

— bi-fuel system

— bioengineering system

— biotelemetry system

— black-boxed system

— bleed-air system

— blind-approach beacon system

— blind-approach system

— blind-landing system

— blown flap system

— blpropellant system

— bomb guidance system

— bombardment system

— bombing system

— bombing-navigational system

— bomb-orbital system

— boom control system

— boost er system

— boundary-layer control system

— brake system

— braking system

— breather system

— breathing-oxygen system

— building block system

— built-in system

— burning system

— cabin air-conditioning system

— cabin heating system

— cabin pressurization system

— cable landing system

— cable system

— cable-restrained balloon system

— camera system

— canard system

— canned liquid-propellant system

— canopy control system

— canopy defrost system

— canopy jettison system

— canopy system

— capacitance gauging system

— cargo handling system

— carrier landing system

— cartridge starting system

— cartridge-type ejection system

— caution system

— celestial system

— celestial-guidance system

— central computer system

— central timing system

— chain radar system

— chamber coolant system

— changeover system

— chemical absorbent system

— chemical absorption system

— chemical power system

— chemical propulsion system

— chemical-gas-pressurized feed system

— chemical-pressurized feed system

— circular system

— civilian satellite system

— closed ecological system

— closed-center system

— closed-loop sensor system

— cloud system

— co-axial rotor system

— cockpit heat system

— cockpit pressurization system

— collision avoidance system

— collision-course fire-control system

— combat survival system

— combustion control system

— command system

— communication satellite system

— communication system

— compartmentation system

— compass system

— compatible docking systems

— compatible rendezvous systems

— composite insulation system

— composite system

— compound system

— compressor air-bleed system

— computer system

— computerized control system

— contaminant control system

— contents gauging system

— continuous-flow system

— control augmentation system

— control force system

— control oil system

— control stick system

— control system

— control warning system

— controllea-leakage system

— control-wheel steering system

— control-wheel system

— convective cooling system

— coolant supply system

— cooling system

— cooperative system

— coordinate system

— correlation tracking system

— cost-optimal system

— countermisslle system

— course-memory system

— crashworthy fuel system

— crew ejection system

— cross shaft system

— cross-feed system

— cruise-type navigation system

— cryogenic storage system

— cryogenic system

— cushion landing system

— D system

— damper system

— data-acquisition system

— data-collecting system

— data-encoding system

— data-handling system

— data-link system

— data-recording system

— data-reduction system

— data-reporting system

— data-storage system

— data-translating system

— data-transmission system

— dead-reckoning system

— deceleration system

— defog system

— defogger system

— defogging system

— defrosting system

— defueling system

— deicing system

— delayed data system

— delivery system

— deluge sprinkler system

— demand oxygen system

— demisting system

— deployment system

— derivative system

— de-spin system

— destruct system

— detection system

— detonation system

— digital computing system

— digital data system

— digital inertial system

— digital signaling system

— diluter-demand oxygen system

— directional system

— discharge system

— disconnect system

— displacement-type system

— display system

— distributed parameter system

— distribution system

— docking guidance system

— docking system

— document retrieval system

— door warning system

— Doppler-inertial system

— double-walled meteoroid-bumper system

— downrange tracking system

— downward ejection system

— drag brake system

— drift system

— dry sprinkler system

— dual-director system

— dual-dual system

— dual-missile guidance system

— dual-spin stabilization system

— duplex system

— duplicated system

— dynamics simulator system

— early-warning satellite system

— early-warning system

— earth satellite system

— earth system

— earth-referenced coordinate system

— ecological system

— eddy system

— egress system

— eject-fly-away rescue system

— ejection escape system

— ejection system

— ejection warning system

— ejector system

— electric propulsion system

— electrical power system

— electrical sequencing system

— electrical starting system

— electrical system

— electrohydraulic-pneutnatic control system

— electromagnetic suspension system

— electromechanical control system

— electro-optical viewing system

— electropneumatic control system

— elevator-control system

— emergency extension system

— emergency nozzle system

— emergency recovery system

— emergency-escape system

— energy-absorbing system

— engine afterburner system

— engine bleed system

— engine control system

— engine lifting system

— engine oil system

— engine relight system

— engine starting system

— engine-governing system

— environmental system

— equinoctial coordinate system

— erection system

— erosion protection system

— escape system

— evaporative cooling system

— exhaust system

— expendable life-support system

— explosion suppression system

— explosive deployment system

— expulsion system

— external instrumentation system

— external tracking system

— external-burning system

— extra-atmospheric abort system

— extraterrestrial system

— extravehicular protective system

— faceplate defrosting system

— fail-functional system

— fail-operational system

— fail-operative system

— fail-passive system

— fail-safe system

— fail-soft system

— fail-steady system

— failure-survival system

— fan propulsion system

— fan system

— fault-free system

— faulty system

— feathering system

— feed system

— feedback control system

— filling system

— fin actuation system

— fin fuel system

— fire detecting system

— fire detector system

— fire fanning system

— fire prevention system

— fire-control system

— fire-extinguisher system

— fire-extinguishing system

— fire-sprinkling system

— fixed-path flare system

— fixed-site missile system

— flameholder system

— flap lock system

— flap operating system

— flare system

— fleet-based missile system

— flight instrument system

— flight interphone system

— flight lighting system

— flight management system

— flight reference system

— flight-control boost system

— flight-refueling system

— flight-test system

— flowmetering system

— flow-rate control system

— FLOX/LPL propellent system

— fluid rain-repellent system

— fluldic system

— flush aerial system

— fly the system

— flying control system

— foam extinguishing system

— foaming system

— foam-water sprinkler system

— fog-dispersal system

— follow-up system

— force balance system

— forecasting system

— free-wheeling system

— freon-refrigeration system

— frequency-division system

— frontal system

— fuel distribution system

— fuel feed system

— fuel flowmetering system

— fuel jettisoning system

— fuel supply system

— fuel transfer system

— fuel trimmer system

— fuel-control system

— fuel-delivery system

— fuel-dispersal system

— fueling-defueling system

— fuel-loading system

— fuel-metering system

— fuel-oxidant system

— fuel-pumping system

— full-inertial system

— full-pressure system

— fully redundant system

— funnel lighting system

— fusion powered system

— gain control system

— gas nozzle system

— gas-coupled lift-fan system

— gas-pressure feed system

— gas-turbine starting system

— gas-turbine-pump system

— gear actuation system

— generating system

— gimbal system

— glidepath system

— global system

— go-around system

— gravity fuel system

— gravity stabilization system

— gravity-independent system

— grid coordinates system

— ground start system

— ground-based system

— ground-control guidance system

— ground-controlled approach system

— ground-supplied start system

— ground-to-space missile system

— guidance system

— guide beam system

— guided-missile system

— guided-weapon system

— gust measuring system

— gust-alleviation system

— gyroscope erection system

— gyroscope reference system

— gyrostabilized system

— hand-hose system

— heading system

— heading-hold system

— heat-detection system

— heater system

— heat-protection system

— heat-responsive system

— heavy-duty actuation system

— height-control system

— helicopter haul-down system

— helium-refrigeration system

— high-altitude recovery system

— high-authority system

— high-density landing system

— high-intensity lighting system

— high-lift wing system

— high-pressure system

— high-speed ejection system

— high-temperature warning system

— high-tension ignition system

— hit-or-miss scoring system

— homing system

— horizon coordinate system

— horizon-seeking stabilization system

— hose system

— hot-gas pressurizing system

— hot-gas system

— hot-oil antiicing system

— hovering control system

— humidity control system

— hybrid system

— hydrant system

— hydraulic power system

— hydro-electric control system

— hydro-mechanical control system

— hyperbolic system

— hypergolic ignition system

— hypergolic propulsion system

— ice-detector system

— ice-protection system

— ice-warning system

— identification system

— igniter system

— ignition system

— illumination system

— imaging system

— impact-attenuation system

— impact-location system

— impingement starting system

— improperly rigged system

— incident-reporting system

— indicating system

— individual life-sustaining system

— induction system

— inert-gas-pressurized feed system

— inertial gravitational system

— inertial system

— inertial-celestial system

— inerting system

— inflation system

— inflight guidance system

— inflight retrieval system

— information retrieval system

— infrared reconnaissance system

— infrared suppression system

— infrared surveillance system

— infrared system

— infrared tracking system

— initiating system

— injection system

— inlet control system

— inner solar system

— instrument landing system

— instrumentation power system

— instrumentation system

— instrument-panel lighting system

— integrated system

— integrated tankage system

— intelligence system

— interactive graphical system

— intercommunication system

— interfighter refueling system

— interlock system

— internal system

— international route system

— interphone system

— interplanetary navigation system

— interrogation system

— interrogator-responder system

— irreversible system

— jammer system

— jamming system

— jamproof system

— jet-augmentation system

— jet-control system

— jet-deflection control system

— jet-deviation control system

— jet-ejection augmentation system

— jet-nozzle control system

— jettison system

— kicker system

— kick-off drift system

— lander decelerator system

— landing aid system

— landing approach system

— landing-gear extension system

— landing-gear warning system

— laser identification system

— laser propulsion system

— laser tracking system

— laser veloclmeter system

— lateral control system

— lateral feel system

— launch abort system

— launch check-out system

— launch control system

— launch escape system

— launch vehicle system

— launch-and-leave guidance system

— launcher system

— launching guidance system

— launching system

— leveling system

— levered shock-absorbing system

— LFC pumping system

— lift system

— lift-augmentation system

— lift-drag modulation system

— lift-engine intake system

— lift-fan power system

— lift-propulsion system

— light system

— light warning system

— limited-authority system

— line-of-sight guidance system

— liquid cooling system

— liquid-oxygen breathing system

— liquid-propellant feed system

— liquification system

— live system

— load proportioner system

— loading system

— long-distance communication system

— longitudinal trim system

— longitudinal-control system

— long-lived system

— long-range system

— low-altitude defense system

— low-altitude guidance system

— low-altitude interception system

— low-approach system

— lower-minimum landing system

— low-intensity lighting system

— low-level escape system

— low-temperature ablating system

— low-thrust propulsion system

— lubrication system

— lunar descent system

— lunar landing system

— lunar logistic system

— Mach alarm system

— magnetic suspension system

— magnetohydrodynamic propulsion system

— maintenance recording system

— malfunction detection system

— management system

— maneuvering flap system

— maneuvering system

— man-manageable system

— man-rated system

— manual control system

— map-matching guidance system

— mechanical system

— microwave approach system

— midcourse intercept system

— mirror landing system

— missile control system

— missile nonpropulsion system

— missile safety system

— missile scoring system

— missile system

— missile tracking system

— missile-borne system

— missile-bound coordinate system

— mixed propulsion system

— mixed-compression inlet system

— mixing system

— mobile launching system

— mobile refueling system

— model-following control system

— modular cooling system

— modularlzed system

— monitoring system

— monopropellant system

— mosaic imaging system

— mount system

— multifiltration system

— multimode system

— multiple-channel system

— multiple-degree-of-freedom system

— multiple-loop system

— multiple-target system

— multiplexed system

— multiplicated system

— multipurpose system

— multistage system

— multistep system

— multivariable system

— navigation/attack system

— navigational satellite system

— navigational system

— navigation-and-weapon aiming system

— navigation-bombing system

— negative torque system

— night vision system

— nitrogen purge system

— nonconservative system

— noncooperative system

— nonjammable system

— nonlinear system

— nonredundant system

— nonreturn lubrication system

— nonskld braking system

— normal system

— nose-recovery system

— nose-wheel steering system

— nozzle-cooling system

— nuclear detection system

— nuclear propulsion system

— oblique shock-wave system

— off-the-shelf system

— oil system

— oil-dilution system

— oil-low-level warning system

— on-board maintenance system

— on-board system

— one-axis stabilization system

— one-motion ejection system

— on-off control system

— open-center system

— open-stored water system

— operational system

— optical-lnertial system

— optimum landing system

— orbital refueling system

— orbital rendezvous system

— orbital system

— orbital weapon system

— orbit-to-ground weapon system

— orbit-to-orbit weapon system

— organic power system

— orientation system

— outer-space system

— overshoot system

— oxidizer-delivery system

— oxygen breathing system

— oxygen generation system

— oxygen recovery system

— oxygen regeneration system

— oxygen supply system

— oxygen-collection system

— pan-scan system

— parachute deployment system

— parachute-and-retrorocket landing system

— paraglider system

— parallel system

— para-visual director system

— parawing system

— partial-pressure oxygen system

— part-throttle reheat system

— passive augmentation system

— passive cooling system

— passive distillation system

— passive failure system

— pattern recognition system

— penalty system

— phase-advance system

— phase-measurement navigation system

— photon propulsion system

— pilot-assisted automatic system

— piloted system

— pilotless system

— pitch erecting system

— pitch-axis control system

— pitot system

— pitot-static system

— pivoted system

— planet escape system

— planetocentric system

— plug control system

— plumbing system

— pneumatic system

— pneumatic-mechanical control system

— pod refueling system

— position location system

— position-control system

— position-fixing system

— positioning system

— post-boost control system

— post-cutoff stabilization system

— power drain system

— power-assisted control system

— power-boosted control system

— powered control system

— powered stabilization system

— power-generating system

— power-limited propulsion system

— power-operated control system

— precompressor cooling system

— pressure feed system

— pressure regulation system

— pressure relief system

— pressure system

— pressure-breathing system

— pressure-demand oxygen system

— pressurizing feed system

— primary system

— probe-and-drogue system

— propellant handling system

— propellant loading system

— propellant system

— propellant-feed system

— propellant-pressurized feed system

— propellant-utilization system

— propeller control system

— propeller governing system

— propeller system

— propelling system

— proportional navigation system

— proportional trim system

— propulsion system

— propulsion-augmented high-lift system

— protective breathing system

— public-address system

— puff-pipe control system

— pulsation control system

— pulsed Doppler system

— pulsed radar system

— pulse-jet control system

— pulse-position modulation system

— purging system

— purification system

— push rod system

— quadruplex actuation system

— quadruplex system

— quick-loading system

— quick-reaction system

— radar system

— radar warning system

— radiator system

— radio-command system

— radio-guidance system

— radio-range system

— rain removal system

— rain remover system

— rain-repellent system

— rake system

— ram-and-cable system

— ramp control system

— range system

— rangefinder system

— range-rate tracking system

— range-safety system

— range-tracking system

— Rankine-cycle power system

— rate damping system

— rate-command system

— rate-of-descent system

— rate-stabilization system

— rate-type system

— reaction control system

— readout system

— real-time telemetry system

— recording system

— recovery oxygen system

— recovery system

— redundant system

— reentry control system

— reentry guidance system

— reentry recovery system

— reentry system

— reference system

— refrigerant injection system

— refrigeration system

— regenerative system

— regulator system

— reheat system

— relative coordinate system

— relay-satellite system

— release system

— remotely controlled system

— remotely manned system

— rendezvous system

— reoperable system

— reoperative system

— restorable system

— restraint system

— retracting system

— retrorocket system

— reusable system

— robot system

— rocket motor system

— rocket propulsion system

— rocket system

— rocket-assisted ejection system

— rocket-engine cooling system

— rocket-fire control system

— rod system

— roll erecting system

— roll-axis control system

— roller-conveyor freighting system

— rotary-wing system

— rotor system

— rudder control system

— runway approach system

— runway locating system

— satellite communication system

— satellite destruction system

— satellite killer system

— satellite navigation system

— satellite rendezvous system

— satellite tracking system

— satellite warning system

— satellite-borne surveillance system

— satellocentric system

— scanning-beam guidance system

— scoring system

— screened ignition system

— search-track system

— secondary power system

— secondary system

— seismic scoring system

— self-adaptive system

— self-adjusting system

— self-contained system

— self-destruction system

— self-guidance system

— self-monitoring system

— self-organizing control system

— self-powered destruct system

— self-pressurized system

— self-regulated system

— self-regulating system

— self-sufficient system

— semiactive guidance system

— semiactive homing system

— semipermanent missile system

— sensory system

— servo-control system

— servoflap control system

— servotab control system

— shaft-driven system

— shaker system

— sheathed-cable system

— shock isolation system

— short-baseline system

— short-range system

— side-force maneuvering system

— side-panel defrosting system

— sideslip sensing system

— silo system

— simulation system

— simulator system

— single system

— single-channel system

— single-degree-of-freedom system

— single-point refueling system

— single-shot system

— skid control system

— slaving system

— smoke detection system

— smokeless exhaust system

— solar power system

— solar propulsion system

— solid rocket system

— solid-propellant-gas-pressurized feed system

— sonobuoy reference system

— space ferry system

— space radiation system

— space rendezvous system

— space simulation system

— space surveillance system

— space-based system

— spaceborne guidance system

— spaceborne system

— space-maneuvering propulsion system

— space-stabilized navigation system

— speed command system

— speed control system

— spike-deflection control system

— spike-positioning system

— spin indicator system

— spinning system

— split systems

— spoiler system

— stability augmentation system

— stabilizer control system

— stack system

— staged system

— stall identification system

— stall protection system

— stall warning system

— standby system

— starting system

— star-tracking system

— static pressure system

— stationkeeping system

— steam-driven pumping system

— steering system

— stick system

— stick-pusher system

— stick-pushing system

— straight-demand type system

— strapped-down system

— strategic weapon system

— structural cooling system

— suborbital abort system

— suction system

— suit-temperature control system

— suit-thermal control system

— supporting system

— surface-cooling system

— surface-to-air recovery system

— surveillance system

— switched telemetering system

— synchro system

— tab control system

— tactical missile system

— takeoff monitoring system

— tank system

— tank vent system

— target designation system

— target detection system

— target homing system

— target identification system

— taxiing guidance system

— telecontrol system

— telemetering system

— telescape system

— teletype call system

— television guidance system

— temperature-indicator system

— terminal missile-defense system

— terrain avoidance system

— terrain recognition system

— terrain-following system

— terrain-measuring system

— thermal protection system

— thermal-control system

— thermoelectric power system

— three-axis control system

— three-axis trim system

— three-control system

— three-layer system

— three-stage parachute system

— throttle closure system

— throttle control system

— thrust-augmentation system

— thrust-decay system

— thrust-deflector system

— thrust-deflexion system

— thrust-engine system

— thrust-reversal system

— thrust-reverse system

— thrust-termination system

— thrust-vector monitoring system

— thrust-vectoring system

— time reference system

— time-standard system

— timing system

— topocentric coordinate system

— torque sensing system

— torso restraint system

— total autopilot/aircraft system

— touchdown system

— tracker-aided system

— trailing vortex system

— train-type ignition system

— trajectory control system

— trajectory-measuring system

— transfer system

— transmission isolation system

— transmission system

— transparency heater system

— transpiration cooling system

— traversing rake system

— trim-control system

— trimming system

— triple component system

— triple redundant system

— triplex system

— triplicated system

— tri-propellant system

— trouble-shoot systems

— tumble-jet system

— turbine system

— turbine-pump system

— turbocharger system

— turbojet-ramjet propulsion system

— turbopump feed system

— turbopump injection system

— turboramjet propulsion system

— turn detection system

— twin rotor system

— two-axis stabilization system

— two-degree-of-freedom system

— two-layer system

— two-motion ejection system

— two-shot system

— two-stage system

— two-star guidance system

— two-way communication system

— ullage system

— underground launching system

— undersea missile system

— underwing fueling system

— unmanned system

— unrestorable system

— update the system

— uprange tracking system

— utility hydraulic system

— vacuum system

— valve-assembly system

— vane actuation system

— vane-actuated system

— vane-controlled gust-alleviation system

— vapor-cycle cooling system

— vaporization system

— vapor-jet system

— variable-drag system

— variable-stability system

— vehicle control system

— vehicle-mounted system

— vernier propulsion system

— vertical erection system

— vestibular system

— vibration measurement system

— visual guidance system

— voice recording system

— voice warning system

— VTOL system

— wake detection system

— warning system

— waste management system

— water deluge system

— water management system

— water recovery system

— waveguide system

— weapon delivery system

— weapon direction system

— weapon-aiming system

— wheel brake system

— wheel braking system

— winchdown system

— windshield defog system

— windshield defrosting system

— wing-crosshaft system

— wing-flap sequencing system

— wing-spoiler system

— wing-suction system

— wing-sweep actuation system

— wing-waggle system

— wing-warping system

— writer-reader system

— yaw damper system

— yaw reaction system

— yaw-axis control system

— zero-altitude escape system

— zero-zero ejection system

— zero-zero landing system

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > system
11 protocol

протокол

- address resolution protocol
- analog networking protocol
- AppleTalk remote access protocol

- autonomous virtual network protocol

- bandwidth allocation control protocol

- bit-oriented protocol

- bootstrap protocol

- border gateway protocol

- byte-oriented protocol
- cache coherence protocol
- card isolation protocol
- challenge handshake authentication protocol

- character-controlled protocol
- character count protocol
- character-oriented protocol

- client-to-client protocol

- common management information protocol

- communications protocol

- compressed serial line Internet protocol

- connectionless protocol

- connectionless network protocol

- connectionless network layer protocol

- connectionless transport protocol

- connection-oriented protocol
- cryptographic protocol
- data compression protocol
- data link control protocol

- digital data communication message protocol

- digital networking protocol
- digital voice messaging networking protocol
- directory access protocol

- distance vector multicast routing protocol

- dynamic host configuration protocol

- dynamic serial line Internet protocol

- end system to intermediate system protocol
- error-correction protocol
- extended simple mail transfer protocol

- exterior gateway protocol

- fiber channel protocol

- file transfer protocol

- flexible wide-area protocol

- generic packetized protocol

- hot standby router protocol

- hypertext transfer protocol

- image access protocol
- interior gateway protocol
- interior gateway routing protocol
- internal message protocol
- Internet protocol
- internet protocol
- Internet control message protocol
- internet control message protocol
- Internet gateway routing protocol
- Internet group management protocol

- Internet mail access protocol

- Internet relay chat protocol

- internet group management protocol

- internet inter-ORB protocol

- interworking protocol
- IP multicast protocol
- layer-2 tunneling protocol

- lightweight directory access protocol

- link access protocol

- link access protocol-balanced
- link access protocol-digital
- link access protocol for modems
- link control protocol

- manufacturing automation protocol

- medium access control protocol

- message transport protocol

- Microcom networking protocol

- modulation protocol

- multicast file transfer protocol

- multi-link access protocol-digital

- multiprotocol gateway control protocol

- multi-vendor integration protocol

- NetWare core protocol

- NetWare link service protocol

- network control protocols

- network news transfer protocol

- network service protocol

- network time protocol

- next-hop routing protocol

- nonroutable protocol
- packetized ensemble protocol
- password authentication protocol
- point to point protocol
- point to point multi-link protocol
- point to point tunneling protocol
- post office protocol

- proprietary protocol

- proxy address resolution protocol

- radio link protocol

- random-access protocol

- real-time control protocol

- real-time streaming protocol

- real-time transport protocol

- resource reservation protocol

- reverse address resolution protocol

- Rock Ridge interchange protocol

- routable protocol

- router discovery protocol

- routing protocol
- routing information protocol
- SCSI interlocked protocol
- secure hypertext transfer protocol

- serial bus protocol

- serial line access protocol

- serial line Internet protocol

- service advertising protocol
- session protocol
- session initiation protocol
- simple gateway management protocol

- simple mail transfer protocol

- simple management protocol

- simple network management protocol

- socket protocol
- stated protocol
- stateful protocol
- stateless protocol
- synchronous protocol
- system use shared protocol

- technical/office protocol

- time-triggered protocol

- track protocol
- transmission control protocol
- transmission control protocol Internet protocol

- transmission control protocol over/based on Internet protocol
- transport protocol
- transport protocol class 0
- transport protocol class 4
- transport layer protocol

- upper layer protocol

- user datagram protocol

- voice-channel protocol

- voice over Internet protocol

- wireless application protocol

English-Russian electronics dictionary > protocol
12 protocol

протокол

- address resolution protocol
- analog networking protocol
- AppleTalk remote access protocol
- autonomous virtual network protocol
- bandwidth allocation control protocol
- bit-oriented protocol
- bootstrap protocol
- border gateway protocol
- byte-oriented protocol
- cache coherence protocol
- card isolation protocol
- challenge handshake authentication protocol
- character count protocol
- character-controlled protocol
- character-oriented protocol
- client-to-client protocol
- common management information protocol
- communications protocol
- compressed serial line Internet protocol
- connectionless network layer protocol
- connectionless network protocol
- connectionless protocol
- connectionless transport protocol
- connection-oriented protocol
- cryptographic protocol
- data compression protocol
- data link control protocol
- digital data communication message protocol
- digital networking protocol
- digital voice messaging networking protocol
- directory access protocol
- distance vector multicast routing protocol
- dynamic host configuration protocol
- dynamic serial line Internet protocol
- end system to intermediate system protocol
- error-correction protocol
- extended simple mail transfer protocol
- exterior gateway protocol
- fiber channel protocol
- file transfer protocol
- flexible wide-area protocol
- generic packetized protocol
- hot standby router protocol
- hypertext transfer protocol
- image access protocol
- interior gateway protocol
- interior gateway routing protocol
- internal message protocol
- Internet control message protocol
- internet control message protocol
- Internet gateway routing protocol
- Internet group management protocol
- internet group management protocol
- internet inter-ORB protocol
- Internet mail access protocol
- Internet protocol
- internet protocol
- Internet relay chat protocol
- interworking protocol
- IP multicast protocol
- layer-2 tunneling protocol
- lightweight directory access protocol
- link access protocol for modems
- link access protocol
- link access protocol-balanced
- link access protocol-digital
- link control protocol
- manufacturing automation protocol
- medium access control protocol
- message transport protocol
- Microcom networking protocol
- modulation protocol
- multicast file transfer protocol
- multi-link access protocol-digital
- multiprotocol gateway control protocol
- multi-vendor integration protocol
- NetWare core protocol
- NetWare link service protocol
- network control protocols
- network news transfer protocol
- network service protocol
- network time protocol
- next-hop routing protocol
- nonroutable protocol
- packetized ensemble protocol
- password authentication protocol
- point to point multi-link protocol
- point to point protocol
- point to point tunneling protocol
- post office protocol
- proprietary protocol
- proxy address resolution protocol
- radio link protocol
- random-access protocol
- real-time control protocol
- real-time streaming protocol
- real-time transport protocol
- resource reservation protocol
- reverse address resolution protocol
- Rock Ridge interchange protocol
- routable protocol
- router discovery protocol
- routing information protocol
- routing protocol
- SCSI interlocked protocol
- secure hypertext transfer protocol
- serial bus protocol
- serial line access protocol
- serial line Internet protocol
- service advertising protocol
- session initiation protocol
- session protocol
- simple gateway management protocol
- simple mail transfer protocol
- simple management protocol
- simple network management protocol
- socket protocol
- stated protocol
- stateful protocol
- stateless protocol
- synchronous protocol
- system use shared protocol
- technical/office protocol
- time-triggered protocol
- track protocol
- transmission control protocol Internet protocol
- transmission control protocol over/based on Internet protocol
- transmission control protocol
- transport layer protocol
- transport protocol class 0
- transport protocol class 4
- transport protocol
- upper layer protocol
- user datagram protocol
- voice over Internet protocol
- voice-channel protocol
- wireless application protocol

The New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > protocol
13 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
14 circuit

1) цепь; контур; схема

2) окружность; круговая траектория

3) эл. схема

4) вчт. канал двусторонней связи

5) циркуляция

•

- access switching circuit
- adaptive threshold circuit
- add circuit
- adding circuit
- alarm circuit
- amplifying circuit
- analog integrated circuit
- antihunt circuit
- antihunting circuit
- aperiodic circuit
- automatic control circuit
- automatic search circuit
- auxiliary circuit
- averaging circuit
- balanced circuit
- basic circuit
- bias circuit
- blanking circuit
- blocking circuit
- break circuit
- bridge circuit
- broken circuit
- buffer circuit
- calibration circuit
- capacitive storage circuit
- carry circuit
- ceramic-wafer printed circuit
- checking circuit
- circuit of initiation
- clamping circuit
- clipping circuit
- closed circuit of recirculating balls
- closed circuit
- closed fluid circuit
- code storage circuit
- coincidence circuit
- collecting circuit
- collector circuit
- common-junction circuit
- compare circuit
- comparison circuit
- compatible circuit
- compensating circuit
- computation circuit
- computer circuit
- computer test circuit
- computing circuit
- connecting circuit
- constant volume hydraulic circuit
- contact circuit
- control circuit
- correcting circuit
- cutoff circuit
- decode circuit
- decoding circuit
- delay circuit
- detection circuit
- differential hydraulic circuit
- differentiating circuit
- digital integrated circuit
- diode circuit
- dividing circuit
- doubling circuit
- drive circuit
- driving circuit
- duplicating circuit
- eddy-current circuit
- electric circuit
- electrical feed circuit
- electronic circuit
- emergency cutoff circuit
- emergency supply circuit
- energizing circuit
- equivalent circuit
- error circuit
- error correction circuit
- error indicating circuit
- etched circuit
- exciting circuit
- failure warning circuit
- feed circuit
- feed hold circuit
- feed motor circuit
- feedback circuit
- ferroresonant computing circuit
- fictions balance circuit
- film integrated circuit
- floor circuit
- fluid logic circuit
- fluid-power circuit
- flywheel circuit
- forward circuit
- frequency-changing circuit
- frequency-setting circuit
- function circuit
- functional circuit
- gang circuit
- gating circuit
- high-gain linear circuit
- holding circuit
- hybrid integrated circuit
- hydraulic broach circuit
- hydraulic circuit
- hydraulic tracer control circuit
- impulse circuit
- indicating circuit
- information circuit
- inhibit circuit
- inhibitor circuit
- input circuit
- integrated circuit
- integrating circuit
- interlock circuit
- interlocking circuit
- keyboard checking circuit
- large-scale integration circuit
- laser-diode circuit
- latch circuit
- latching circuit
- leading circuit
- lighting circuit
- linear electric circuit
- live circuit
- load circuit
- load measuring circuit
- locking circuit
- lock-out circuit
- logical circuit
- looped circuit
- magnetic circuit
- main circuit
- make circuit
- measuring circuit
- memory circuit
- metering-in circuit
- metering-out circuit
- microprocessor integrated circuit
- monitoring circuit
- monolithic integrated circuit
- monostable circuit
- motor control circuit
- multiple circuit
- multiple output circuit
- multiplier circuit
- multistable circuit
- NC circuit
- noise-balancing circuit
- nonlinear electric circuit
- null circuit
- null-type bridge circuit
- oil hydraulic circuit
- open circuit after charge
- open circuit after discharge
- open circuit
- operating circuit
- optical tracer backup circuit
- oscillating circuit
- oscillatory circuit
- output circuit
- output-break circuit
- output-make circuit
- packaged circuit
- parallel switching circuit
- parallel-resonant circuit
- pilot circuit
- plane electric circuit
- plated circuit
- pneumatic circuit
- pneumatic-hydraulic circuit
- polyphase circuit
- potted circuit
- power circuit
- press-control circuit
- primary circuit
- printed circuit
- protective circuit
- pulse delay circuit
- pulse memory circuit
- pulse shaping circuit
- pulse switching circuit
- pulse-actuated circuit
- pulse-generating circuit
- rate change control circuit
- rate feedback circuit
- reading circuit
- reciprocating circuit
- reflex circuit
- relaxation circuit
- reset circuit
- resonant circuit
- return circuit
- rewriting circuit
- ring circuit
- safety circuit
- sampling circuit
- scanning circuit
- schematic circuit
- secondary circuit
- selecting circuit
- semiconductor integrated circuit
- sensing circuit
- sensor-integrated circuit
- sequence circuit
- sequential circuit
- series circuit
- series-resonant circuit
- shift circuit
- shifting circuit
- short circuit
- shut-down circuit
- shut-off circuit
- signal circuit
- signaling circuit
- simulation circuit
- single-phase circuit
- small scale integration circuit
- smoothing circuit
- speed-regulating circuit
- stabilizing circuit
- star-connected circuit
- start-up circuit
- storage circuit
- summing circuit
- sweep circuit
- switching circuit
- tension-sensing circuit
- test circuit
- timing circuit
- tool selector circuit
- touch-sensing circuit
- trigger circuit
- trigger-action circuit
- trip circuit
- tuned circuit
- unidirectional circuit
- very large scale integration circuit
- virtual circuit
- warning circuit
- working circuit

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > circuit
15 switch

выключатель; переключатель; коммутатор; переход; переключение внимания ( лётчика) ; переходить ( с одного типа самолёта на другой) ; переносить ( испытания в другое место)

airspeed (sensing) switch switch — контактный датчик воздушной скорости

armament (mode) selector switch — переключатель рода работы системы вооружения

autostart fuel sequence switch — дв. выключатель автоматики последовательности подачи топлива при запуске

belly tank jettison switch — тумблер сброса подфюзеляжного бака

cabin differential pressure selector switch — переключатель системы регулирования избыточного давления в кабине

cabin heater power switch — выключатель питания кабинного обогревателя

cabin pressure shutoff valve switch — выключатель перекрывного клапана системы наддува кабины

cabin temperature selector switch — переключатель системы регулирования температуры воздуха в кабине

control-stick grip trigger switch — гашетка [боевая кнопка] на рукоятке ручки управления

demolition bomb arming switch — переключатель взведения взрывателя фугасной авиационной бомбы

demolition bomb release selector switch — селекторный переключатель ручного или автоматического сбрасывания фугасных авиационных бомб

droppable stores release switch — кнопка сброса наружных подвесок

emergency fuel system switch — переключатель на аварийную топливную систему

emergency jettison select switch — селекторный переключатель аварийного сбрасывания

engine fire detector system test switch — переключатель для проверки термоизвещателей в отсеках двигателей

external stores jettison button switch — кнопка сброса наружных подвесок

flight control system radio input switch — тумблер подключения радиосредств к системе управления (самолётом)

flight instrument selector switch — переключатель пилотажных приборов

fuel quantity selector switch — переключатель топливомера

fuel tank selector switch — переключатель топливных баков

hit the start switch — разг. включать тумблер запуска (двигателя)

landing gear downlock override switch — тумблер уборки шасси независимо от положения замка

landing gear downlock switch — концевой выключатель выпущенного положения шасси

landing gear uplock switch — концевой выключатель убранного положения шасси

lateral control trim cut-out switch — выключатель системы поперечной балансировки

nacelle illumination light switch — выключатель освещения гондолы (двигателя)

nose-wheel steering button switch — кнопка управления носовым колесом

optical sight mode switch — селекторный переключатель режимов работы оптического прицела

oxygen quantity gauge press-to-test switch — тумблер или кнопка проверки манометра кислорода

pitch mechanical advantage switch — тумблер включения механизма изменения передаточного отношения в канале продольного управления

pitch stability augmentor switch — тумблер включения демпфера тангажа

propeller angle limit switch — концевой выключатель угла поворота лопасти винта

push-to-make, push-to-brake switch — нажимной переключатель на два фиксированных положения

radio function selector switch — переключатель режима или рода работы радиостанции

radio mode selector switch — переключатель режима или рода работы радиостанции

ram air pressure switch — контактный датчик скоростного напора воздуха

seat vertical adjustment switch — переключатель регулировки кресла по высоте

stabilizer trim cut-out switch — выключатель системы продольной балансировки

stick grip override switch — тумблер управления триммерами независимо от переключения на ручке управления

switch A/B ignition switch — переключатель зажигания форсажной камеры

variable air inlet switch — переключатель системы регулирования воздухозаборника

wing tank jettison switch — тумблер сброса подкрыльных баков

yaw stability augmentor switch — выключатель демпфера рыскания

— A/B on-off switch

— acceleration switch

— action-reject switch

— afterburner switch

— air selector switch

— airbrake switch

— air-turbine start switch

— altitude switch

— altitude-hold switch

— antifog switch

— antiskid switch

— antispin switch

— arresting hook switch

— attitude-hold switch

— autofeather override switch

— autopilot disconnect switch

— autopilot power switch

— azimuth/elevation switch

— backlighted pushbutton switch

— barometric-pressure switch

— battery switch

— belly landing switch

— bomb door switch

— bomb selector switch

— boost pump switch

— burst selector switch

— cabin heating switch

— cage-uncage switch

— canopy control switch

— centralizing switch

— centrifugal switch

— channel engaging switch

— channel selector switch

— chart light switch

— command airspeed switch

— command altitude switch

— command Mach switch

— command switch

— commutator switch

— control-stick switch

— coupling switch

— cover-guarded switch

— cut-off switch

— cut-out switch

— damper switch

— deicer switch

— destination point switch

— differential-pressure switch

— diluter switch

— dimmer switch

— downlock override switch

— electrical power switch

— electrolytic switch

— emergency disengage switch

— emergency override switch

— emergency stop switch

— emergency switch

— engage switch

— engine antiice switch

— erection switches

— external light switch

— faceplate heater switch

— fast slave switch

— feathering switch

— filter bypass switch

— fire emergency switch

— fire switch

— fire-extinguisher switch

— firing switch

— flap warning switches

— flap-protection switch

— flare switch

— flight director switch

— float operated switch

— fluidic switch

— force switches

— fuel pressure switch

— fuel shutoff switch

— fuze safety switch

— G switch

— gangstart switch

— hardover trip switch

— heading hold switch

— heading select switch

— heat switch

— high-frequency switch

— high-level force switches

— high-level switch

— high-temperature cut-out switch

— horn cut-off switch

— ignition pressure switch

— ignition switch

— ILS coupling switch

— impact switch

— inertia switch

— infrared sight switch

— initiation point switch

— instrument selector switch

— instrumentation switch

— interphone power switch

— jettison switch

— kill switch

— landing light switch

— landing-taxi lights switch

— latching switch

— limit switch

— liquid level switch

— load limit switch

— lock release switch

— low-level warning switch

— Mach hold switch

— Mach indicator switch

— Mach switch

— mechanically-operated switch

— mercury switch

— micro switch

— monostable switch

— multichannel switch

— multidirectional switch

— multiplexing switch

— multiposition switch

— multiwatered switch

— no-fog switch

— on-off switch

— overheat switch

— override switch

— oxygen diluter switch

— pitch force switches

— pitch switch

— pitch trim switch

— pitot-head-heater switch

— power switch

— pressure switch

— proximity switch

— pull-in switch

— pull-on switch

— radar action/reject switch

— radio/intercom switch

— rain removal switch

— rain remover switch

— range switch

— refrigeration unit switch

— roll force switch

— roll switch

— roll trim switch

— rotary sampling switch

— rotary switch

— safety switch

— sampling switch

— scale selector switch

— secure all switches

— selector switch

— self-destruction switch

— sensing switch

— sensor switch

— separation switch

— single-channel switch

— slewing switch

— slide-type switch

— slow-rate trim switch

— speed brake switch

— spoiler warning switch

— spring-loaded switch

— stab switch

— standard-turn switch

— starter switch

— station select switch

— steer needle switch

— stick-mounted switch

— stop switch

— switch back

— switch off

— switch on

— switch over

— tailplane switch

— tank jettison switch

— tank pressurization switch

— taxi light switch

— temperature switch

— thermal switch

— throttle-actuated switch

— thumb-actuated switch

— time-delay switch

— toggle switch

— torque switch

— trigger switch

— trim-motor cut-out switch

— turn detection switchts

— turret control switch

— twist switch

— two-position switch

— universal switch

— update switch

— warning horn switch

— warning-light test switch

— war-peace switch

— water injection switch

— weapon select switch

— weight switches

— wheel disconnect switch

— wheel switch

— windshield antiicing switch

— windshield wiper switch

— yaw damper switch

— yaw switch

— yaw trim switch

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > switch
16 PIC

1) Общая лексика: Роттердамская конвенция о применении процедуры предварительного обоснованного согласия в от (Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemical and Pesticides in International Trade)

2) Компьютерная техника: Platform For Internet Content, Portable Imaging Computer, Programmable Instruction Chip, Programmable Intelligent Controller, programmable chip

3) Авиация: КВС (Командир Воздушного Судна) (Pilot In Command), (pilot in command) командир экипажа

4) Медицина: Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention, preinitiation complex

5) Американизм: Pre Ike Credential, Public Interest Committee

6) Военный термин: Pacific Imagery Processing and Interpretation Center, Parent Indicator Code, Persistence In Combat, Pioneers In Control, Processing and Interpretation Center, Public Information Committee, photointerpretation center, preinstallation calibration, preinstallation checkout, priority indicator code, procedures for instrument calibration, procurement information center, procurement information for contracts, program identification code, project information center, public information center, purpose identification code

7) Техника: photographic interpretation center, pressure-indicating controller, pressurized ion chamber, program interrupt control, programmable integrated control equipment

8) Шутливое выражение: Pissed Idiotic Child

9) Юридический термин: Partner In Crime, Partners In Crime, Pre Inquiry Change

10) Фармакология: Конвенция по фармацевтическим инспекциям (Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention)

11) Биржевой термин: property index certificate

12) Оптика: photonic integrated circuit

13) Телекоммуникации: Personal Instant Communications, Physical Interface Card, Polyolefin Insulated Cable, Preferred Interexchange Carrier, Programmable Interrupt Controller

14) Сокращение: Pacific Intelligence Center, Package Identification Code (barcode, USPS pub. 109), Pilot In Command, Plastic Insulated Conductor, Plastic/Polyethylene Insulated Cable, Position Independant Code, Programmable Integrated Circuit, Position Independent Code, Programmable Interruption Controller

15) Университет: Pioneer Involvement Center

16) Физика: Particle-In-Cell, Precision Ion Chamber

17) Электроника: PC Paint image format

18) Вычислительная техника: Primary Independent Carrier, personal intelligent communicator, programmable interface controller, расширение файлов в формате Lotus Pie, сжатие неподвижных изображений, Priority Interrupt Controller (IC), Point in Call (IN), Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC), Plastic/Polyethelene Insulated Cable (Telephony)

19) Нефть: Perforating Investigating Committee, person in charge, pressure indicator control, process interface unit

20) Иммунология: Pre Initiation Complex

21) Токсикология: poison information center

22) Транспорт: Preferred Interstate Carrier

23) Фирменный знак: Pig Improvement Company

24) Экология: Pollution Identification And Correction

25) СМИ: Picture In Case

26) Деловая лексика: Paid In Capital, Purchase Integration And Completion

27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: project inspection coordinator, контроллер индикатора давления (pressure indicator controller)

28) Образование: Parent Involvement Committee, Polite In Class, Private Industry Council, Professional Instruction Center

29) Сетевые технологии: Picture Image Compression, personal identification code, персональный идентификационный код

30) Полимеры: polymer-impregnated concrete

31) Программирование: Punch Invalid Character

32) Сахалин Р: pressure indicator controller

33) Химическое оружие: products of incomplete combustion

34) Макаров: prior informed consent

35) Расширение файла: Macintosh black & white PICT1 or color PICT2 file, PIXAR picture file, Personal Information Carrier, Pictor page format, Priority Interrupt Controller, Process Interface Control, Program Interrupt Controller, Picture file (and Graphic format, CShow, Alchemy, PC Paint, Pictor)

36) Нефть и газ: person-in-charge, ответственное лицо

37) Электротехника: polyethylene-insulated conductor

38) Майкрософт: контроллер PIC

39) Должность: Personal Information Connection, Pictorial Inventory Of Careers, Professional Interest Committee

40) NYSE. Piccadilly Cafeterias, Inc.

41) Аэропорты: Pine Cay, Turks & Caicos Islands

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > PIC
17 Pic

1) Общая лексика: Роттердамская конвенция о применении процедуры предварительного обоснованного согласия в от (Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemical and Pesticides in International Trade)

2) Компьютерная техника: Platform For Internet Content, Portable Imaging Computer, Programmable Instruction Chip, Programmable Intelligent Controller, programmable chip

3) Авиация: КВС (Командир Воздушного Судна) (Pilot In Command), (pilot in command) командир экипажа

4) Медицина: Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention, preinitiation complex

5) Американизм: Pre Ike Credential, Public Interest Committee

6) Военный термин: Pacific Imagery Processing and Interpretation Center, Parent Indicator Code, Persistence In Combat, Pioneers In Control, Processing and Interpretation Center, Public Information Committee, photointerpretation center, preinstallation calibration, preinstallation checkout, priority indicator code, procedures for instrument calibration, procurement information center, procurement information for contracts, program identification code, project information center, public information center, purpose identification code

7) Техника: photographic interpretation center, pressure-indicating controller, pressurized ion chamber, program interrupt control, programmable integrated control equipment

8) Шутливое выражение: Pissed Idiotic Child

9) Юридический термин: Partner In Crime, Partners In Crime, Pre Inquiry Change

10) Фармакология: Конвенция по фармацевтическим инспекциям (Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention)

11) Биржевой термин: property index certificate

12) Оптика: photonic integrated circuit

13) Телекоммуникации: Personal Instant Communications, Physical Interface Card, Polyolefin Insulated Cable, Preferred Interexchange Carrier, Programmable Interrupt Controller

14) Сокращение: Pacific Intelligence Center, Package Identification Code (barcode, USPS pub. 109), Pilot In Command, Plastic Insulated Conductor, Plastic/Polyethylene Insulated Cable, Position Independant Code, Programmable Integrated Circuit, Position Independent Code, Programmable Interruption Controller

15) Университет: Pioneer Involvement Center

16) Физика: Particle-In-Cell, Precision Ion Chamber

17) Электроника: PC Paint image format

18) Вычислительная техника: Primary Independent Carrier, personal intelligent communicator, programmable interface controller, расширение файлов в формате Lotus Pie, сжатие неподвижных изображений, Priority Interrupt Controller (IC), Point in Call (IN), Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC), Plastic/Polyethelene Insulated Cable (Telephony)

19) Нефть: Perforating Investigating Committee, person in charge, pressure indicator control, process interface unit

20) Иммунология: Pre Initiation Complex

21) Токсикология: poison information center

22) Транспорт: Preferred Interstate Carrier

23) Фирменный знак: Pig Improvement Company

24) Экология: Pollution Identification And Correction

25) СМИ: Picture In Case

26) Деловая лексика: Paid In Capital, Purchase Integration And Completion

27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: project inspection coordinator, контроллер индикатора давления (pressure indicator controller)

28) Образование: Parent Involvement Committee, Polite In Class, Private Industry Council, Professional Instruction Center

29) Сетевые технологии: Picture Image Compression, personal identification code, персональный идентификационный код

30) Полимеры: polymer-impregnated concrete

31) Программирование: Punch Invalid Character

32) Сахалин Р: pressure indicator controller

33) Химическое оружие: products of incomplete combustion

34) Макаров: prior informed consent

35) Расширение файла: Macintosh black & white PICT1 or color PICT2 file, PIXAR picture file, Personal Information Carrier, Pictor page format, Priority Interrupt Controller, Process Interface Control, Program Interrupt Controller, Picture file (and Graphic format, CShow, Alchemy, PC Paint, Pictor)

36) Нефть и газ: person-in-charge, ответственное лицо

37) Электротехника: polyethylene-insulated conductor

38) Майкрософт: контроллер PIC

39) Должность: Personal Information Connection, Pictorial Inventory Of Careers, Professional Interest Committee

40) NYSE. Piccadilly Cafeterias, Inc.

41) Аэропорты: Pine Cay, Turks & Caicos Islands

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Pic
18 pic

1) Общая лексика: Роттердамская конвенция о применении процедуры предварительного обоснованного согласия в от (Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemical and Pesticides in International Trade)

2) Компьютерная техника: Platform For Internet Content, Portable Imaging Computer, Programmable Instruction Chip, Programmable Intelligent Controller, programmable chip

3) Авиация: КВС (Командир Воздушного Судна) (Pilot In Command), (pilot in command) командир экипажа

4) Медицина: Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention, preinitiation complex

5) Американизм: Pre Ike Credential, Public Interest Committee

6) Военный термин: Pacific Imagery Processing and Interpretation Center, Parent Indicator Code, Persistence In Combat, Pioneers In Control, Processing and Interpretation Center, Public Information Committee, photointerpretation center, preinstallation calibration, preinstallation checkout, priority indicator code, procedures for instrument calibration, procurement information center, procurement information for contracts, program identification code, project information center, public information center, purpose identification code

7) Техника: photographic interpretation center, pressure-indicating controller, pressurized ion chamber, program interrupt control, programmable integrated control equipment

8) Шутливое выражение: Pissed Idiotic Child

9) Юридический термин: Partner In Crime, Partners In Crime, Pre Inquiry Change

10) Фармакология: Конвенция по фармацевтическим инспекциям (Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention)

11) Биржевой термин: property index certificate

12) Оптика: photonic integrated circuit

13) Телекоммуникации: Personal Instant Communications, Physical Interface Card, Polyolefin Insulated Cable, Preferred Interexchange Carrier, Programmable Interrupt Controller

14) Сокращение: Pacific Intelligence Center, Package Identification Code (barcode, USPS pub. 109), Pilot In Command, Plastic Insulated Conductor, Plastic/Polyethylene Insulated Cable, Position Independant Code, Programmable Integrated Circuit, Position Independent Code, Programmable Interruption Controller

15) Университет: Pioneer Involvement Center

16) Физика: Particle-In-Cell, Precision Ion Chamber

17) Электроника: PC Paint image format

18) Вычислительная техника: Primary Independent Carrier, personal intelligent communicator, programmable interface controller, расширение файлов в формате Lotus Pie, сжатие неподвижных изображений, Priority Interrupt Controller (IC), Point in Call (IN), Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC), Plastic/Polyethelene Insulated Cable (Telephony)

19) Нефть: Perforating Investigating Committee, person in charge, pressure indicator control, process interface unit

20) Иммунология: Pre Initiation Complex

21) Токсикология: poison information center

22) Транспорт: Preferred Interstate Carrier

23) Фирменный знак: Pig Improvement Company

24) Экология: Pollution Identification And Correction

25) СМИ: Picture In Case

26) Деловая лексика: Paid In Capital, Purchase Integration And Completion

27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: project inspection coordinator, контроллер индикатора давления (pressure indicator controller)

28) Образование: Parent Involvement Committee, Polite In Class, Private Industry Council, Professional Instruction Center

29) Сетевые технологии: Picture Image Compression, personal identification code, персональный идентификационный код

30) Полимеры: polymer-impregnated concrete

31) Программирование: Punch Invalid Character

32) Сахалин Р: pressure indicator controller

33) Химическое оружие: products of incomplete combustion

34) Макаров: prior informed consent

35) Расширение файла: Macintosh black & white PICT1 or color PICT2 file, PIXAR picture file, Personal Information Carrier, Pictor page format, Priority Interrupt Controller, Process Interface Control, Program Interrupt Controller, Picture file (and Graphic format, CShow, Alchemy, PC Paint, Pictor)

36) Нефть и газ: person-in-charge, ответственное лицо

37) Электротехника: polyethylene-insulated conductor

38) Майкрософт: контроллер PIC

39) Должность: Personal Information Connection, Pictorial Inventory Of Careers, Professional Interest Committee

40) NYSE. Piccadilly Cafeterias, Inc.

41) Аэропорты: Pine Cay, Turks & Caicos Islands

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > pic
19 area

район; округ; площадь; участок; зона; область; пространство; категория ( действий); см. тж. ground; zone

booster (engine) disposal area — ркт. район сброса [падения] стартовых двигателей [(ракетных) ускорителей]

booster (engine) impact area — ркт. район сброса [падения] стартовых двигателей [(ракетных) ускорителей]

close-in (combat) training area — (учебное) поле для отработки приемов ведения ближнего боя

missile (site) support area — техническая позиция ракет

no entry area (nuclear) — запретный (для своих войск) район (район ЯВ)

radar (target) acquisition area — зона РЛ целеуказания

simulated (radioactive) contamination area — ложный [имитируемый] участок (радиоактивного) заражения

— acoustic shadow area

— actions area

— adjoining sea area

— administrative area

— advisory area

— air covered area

— air defended area

— air defense action area

— air defense area

— air defense engagement area

— air defense operations area

— air defense restricted area

— air defense warfare area

— air drop area

— air landing area

— air materiel area

— air objective area

— air refueling area

— air target area

— airborne alert area

— airborne area of operation

— airborne objective area

— aircraft dispersal area

— aircraft exclusion area

— aircraft loading area

— airhead maintenance area

— airmobile marshaling area

— airspace coordination area

— airspace danger area

— airspace warning area

— alert area

— alighting area

— alternate assembly area

— alternate deployment area

— ammunition upload area

— amphibious objective area

— amphibious tactical deployment area

— amphibious training area

— amphibious vehicle launching area

— antisubmarine screening area

— approach area

— approach passable area

— aptitude area

— area in defilade

— area of immediate contamination

— area of influence

— area of interest

— area of military significant fallout

— area of northern operations

— area of observation

— area of operational interest

— area of operations

— area of reduction

— area of responsibility

— area of strategic importance

— area of war

— armor killing area

— armor training area

— army area

— army crossing area

— army service area

— army support area

— artillery position area

— assault area

— assembly and arming area

— assembly and service area

— assembly and test area

— assembly area

— ASW patrol area

— athletic area

— attack area

— attrition area

— aviation support area

— bacteriologically contaminated area

— barrier area

— base area

— battalion area

— battalion crossing area

— battalion rear area

— battalion task force area

— battle area

— beach area

— beach maintenance area

— beach support area

— beach transit area

— billeting area

— biologically contaminated area

— blast area

— blast damage area

— block-type construction area

— boat assembly area

— booby-trap demonstration area

— breakthrough area

— bridge preassembly area

— brigade area

— brigade defensive area

— British Forces Maintenance area

— built-up area

— burst area

— cantonment area

— cargo assembly area

— casualty area

— catchment area

— centralized storage area

— checkout area

— chemically contaminated area

— city combat training area

— civil affairs area

— clandestine assembly area

— classified conference area

— clean area

— close fire support area

— cluster warhead submunition dispersal area

— coastal support area

— collecting area

— comb an area

— combat area

— combat patrolling area

— combat service support area

— command area

— communications area

— community area

— compact built-up area

— company defense area

— complex target area

— concentration area

— contact area

— contaminated air propagation area

— contamination area

— contingency A area

— contingency area

— control area

— controlled firing area

— convoy assembly area

— convoy marshaling area

— core area

— corps area

— corps service area

— corps storage area

— corps support area

— coverage area

— covering force area

— crisis area

— critical target area

— crossing area

— cushion area

— damage area

— dangerous area

— dead area

— debarkation area

— decisive area

— decontamination area

— defense area

— defensive area

— defensive coastal area

— defensive sea area

— delaying operations area

— delineate areas

— delivery area

— demilitarize an area

— demonstration test area

— denial area

— denial objects area

— denied area

— departure area

— dependent housing area

— dependent-restricted overseas area

— deplaning area

— deployment area

— detraining area

— detrucking area

— direct air support area

— direct fire engagement area

— dirty area

— disaster area

— disembarkation area

— disengagement area

— dispersal area

— dispersal parking area

— dispersion area

— displaced persons and refugee assembly area

— display area

— distant support target area

— distribution area

— division air support area

— division area

— division crossing area

— division support area

— divisional administrative area

— divisional maintenance area

— dropping area

— dummy area

— dummy assembly area

— dummy defensive area

— duty area

— early warning area

— economy-of-force area

— effective area

— effective beaten area

— effective disease area

— effective fire area

— effective landing area

— effective lethal area

— effective reflective area

— effects area

— embarkation area

— emergency area

— EMP destructive effects area

— employment area

— enemy area

— engagement area

— entraining area

— entrucking area

— equivalent target area

— estimated casualty area

— evacuation area

— exclusion area

— exercise area

— exit passable area

— expected areas of casualty density

— explosives area

— expulsion area

— extreme forward combat area

— FA service area

— fallout area

— farthest forward area

— fatal area

— field exercise area

— field firing area

— field gun area

— fighting area

— final assembly area before crossing

— final assembly area for attack

— fire area

— fire contact area

— fire control area

— fire coordination area

— fire support area

— firing area

— firing position area

— first echelon area of responsibility

— flank area

— fleet basing area

— floating dump area

— force maintenance area

— forces separation area

— forming-up area

— fortified area

— forward airhead maintenance area

— forward area

— forward assembly area

— forward battle area

— forward bridge preassembly area

— forward brigade administrative area

— forward combat area

— forward concentration area

— forward defense area

— forward defensive area

— forward echelon area of responsibility

— forward maintenance area

— forward staging area

— free drop supplies recovery area

— free fire area

— frontier area

— fuel storage area

— full radiological exclusion area

— functional area

— garrison area

— garrison training area

— gas-contaminated area

— general position area

— greatest intelligence productivity area

— ground training area

— ground zero area

— guidance and control area

— guidance area

— gun area

— gun-defended area

— gunnery training area

— halt area

— hardened storage area

— hazard area

— helicopter assembly area

— helicopter liftout area

— helicopter transport area

— helicopter-launching area

— hidden area

— hide area

— high fallout/no blast area

— high jamming area

— high risk area

— high threat area

— high-rise area

— hitting area

— holding area

— hookup area

— hostile fire area

— hostile launch antipodal area

— hot area

— hot-pad area

— IGBM defense deployment area

— impact area

— inactive area

— infiltration area

— initial assembly area

— inner rendezvous area

— inner transport area

— integrated lethal area

— intensified fire area

— interdiction area

— intermediate assembly area

— intermediate staging area

— intervention area

— inundation area

— jamming area

— joint security area

— jump area

— jungle training area

— killing area

— laager site area

— land impact area

— landing area

— landing ship area

— landing-attractive area

— landing-inviting area

— large dispersed aerosol contamination area

— launch base area

— launch control area

— launcher deployment area

— launching area

— lethality area

— light damage area

— light rescue area

— limited access area

— limited forces area

— limited radiological exclusion area

— lines of communication area

— liquid-contaminated area

— loading area

— local dispersal area

— local training area

— lodgement area

— loitering area

— long tour area

— low-threat area

— main battle area

— main defense area

— main defensive area

— main fighting area

— main support area

— maintenance area

— major built-up area

— major target area

— major training area

— maneuver area

— maneuver rights area

— maritime exclusion area

— marshaling area

— material balance area

— mating area

— maximum efforts application area

— maximum security area

— maximum supporting fires area

— maximum vulnerability area

— mess area

— metropolitan defense area

— military area

— mine warfare area

— mined area

— minor support area

— missile assembly and arming area

— missile checkout area

— missile defended area

— missile dispersion area

— missile hold area

— missile shadow area

— missile transfer area

— mission area

— mobilization area

— moderate damage area

— moderately contaminated area

— mortar area

— MOS area

— motor maintenance area

— mountain warfare training area

— mounting area

— movement control area

— multiple assembly area

— multiple contamination area

— NATO Early Warning area

— NATO guidelines area

— naval area

— naval support area

— NBC area of observation

— NBC contaminated area

— no fire area

— no go area

— non-deployment area

— nonvital area

— normal ground training area

— nuclear area

— nuclear deployment area

— nuclear effects area

— nuclear killing area

— nuclear safety area

— nuclear target area

— nuclear-powered BM submarine patrol area

— objective area

— obstructions area

— OP compound area

— open skin areas

— operating area

— operational area

— operational defensive area

— operations area

— opposition area

— optimum engagement area

— orbit area

— ordnance area

— outer transport area

— out-of-fire contact area

— outpost area

— overlap area

— overlapping nuclear package area

— overseas staging area

— patrolling area

— penetration area

— peripheral responsibility area

— personnel procurement area

— petroleum area

— phoney area

— phoney contaminated area

— plans area

— POL area

— POL hardened storage area

— port staging area

— position area

— possible hostile area

— post-decontamination area

— potential battle area

— potential kill area

— potential launch area

— preference service area

— preinvestigation holding area

— prelaunch area

— primary engagement area

— production area

— PW holding area

— radar detection area

— radar surveillance area

— radar warning area

— radioactive contamination area

— radiological area

— radiological exclusion area

— rallying area

— readiness area

— rear area

— rear assembly area

— rear defense area

— rear maintenance area

— rearming and turnaround area

— rearward area

— reception area

— reconnaissance area

— reconstitution area

— recovery area

— recreation area

— regiment defensive area

— regrouping area

— reinforcement assembly area

— reloading area

— rendezvous area

— reserve area

— residual radiation area

— resistance area

— rest area

— restricted area

— restricted fire area

— risk area

— riverine area

— round-up area

— safe area

— SAM launching area

— SAM target destruction area

— satellite intercept rendezvous area

— saturation fire area

— scattering area

— scouting area

— sea echelon area

— sealed area

— search area

— secondary target area

— security area

— sensitive area

— service area

— set-down area

— severe damage area

— shell swept area

— shelter area

— ship dispersal area

— site area

— small ozone-depleted area

— smoke-blanketed area

— Sovereign Base area

— special area

— special obstructions area

— specialist area

— spotting area

— stabilized area

— staging area

— standby area

— stand-down area

— static display area

— station area

— sterile area

— storage area

— strategic area

— strategic missile support area

— striking force area

— strip area

— submarine patrol area

— subsurface sea area

— supply and service area

— supply area

— support area

— surface area

— surveillance area

— suspected assembly area

— tactical area of responsibility

— tactical area

— tactical assembly area

— tactical battle area

— tactical defensive area

— tank rallying area

— tank training area

— tank water-tightening area

— tankproof area

— target acquisition area

— target area

— target engagement area

— target probable location area

— target transfer area

— test area

— thinly defended area

— threatened area

— track initiation area

— training area

— trains area

— transfer area

— transit area

— transport area

— transport assembly area

— underdeveloped area

— undermanned area

— unloading area

— unorganized area

— unrestricted area

— uploading area

— urban area

— vehicle dispersal area

— vehicle driving water area

— vehicle processing area

— vehicle staging area

— vehicle standby area

— vital air defense area

— vital area

— waiting area

— walk-out area

— warfare area

— water fording area

— water impact area

— water training area

— white area

— yellow area

— zone of communications forward area

— zone of communications rear area

English-Russian military dictionary > area
20 point

1) точка

2) остриё, острый конец || заострять

3) режущая кромка; вершина (сверла, резца)

4) положение; позиция; координата ( рабочего органа)

5) указывать; ориентировать, наводить

6) место; пункт

7) деление ( шкалы)

8) момент ( времени)

9) (компасный) румб

10) контакт ( прерывателя-распределителя зажигания)

11) ж.-д. стрелочный перевод; стрелка; остряк, перо ( стрелочного перевода)

12) запятая, точка ( в дробях)

13) расшивать швы ( кладки)

14) пункт ( единица измерения в типографской системе мер)

15) гравировальная игла

16) пишущий узел, пишущий элемент (ручки, карандаша)

17) пищ. оценочный балл

•

point at infinity — бесконечно удалённая точка;

to point off — отводить ( в сторону);

to pass through a point — проходить через точку

-
Abel flash point
-
acid dew point
-
actual point
-
acute round needle point
-
addressable point
-
adherent point
-
aerodrome check point
-
aerodrome reference point
-
agate arrestment point
-
aggregative transition point
-
agreed reporting point
-
aiming point
-
air supply breathing point
-
aircraft fire point
-
alternator pivot point
-
anchor point
-
anchorage point
-
aniline point
-
annealing point
-
antinodal point
-
aplantic points
-
arch work point
-
arithmetic point
-
array feed point
-
assumed point
-
attachment point
-
automatic point
-
azeotropic point
-
backoff point
-
backward stagnation point
-
balance point
-
base point
-
bend point
-
bending yield point
-
binary point
-
bleeding point
-
bleed point
-
blow point
-
blunt round needle point
-
boiling point
-
boundary point
-
branch point
-
breaker point
-
break-in point
-
breaking point
-
brittle point
-
bubble point
-
bucking point
-
bullet point
-
burble point
-
burn point
-
burning point
-
burnout point
-
burster point
-
cardinal points
-
casing point
-
central point
-
changeover point
-
characteristic point
-
check point
-
chemical-pinch point
-
chilling point
-
chisel point
-
clearing point
-
close spread collar point
-
closed flash point
-
cloud point
-
cold point
-
collinear points
-
collocation point
-
common depth point
-
compass points
-
concyclic points
-
condensation point
-
congelation point
-
consolute point
-
consumption point of current
-
contact point
-
contactor points
-
control point
-
control transfer point
-
corona point
-
correct point
-
coupler pivot point
-
coupling point
-
critical point
-
crossing point
-
crossover point
-
cryogen boiling point
-
Curie point
-
cuspidal point
-
cut point
-
cutoff point
-
cutting point
-
datum point
-
dead point
-
decimal point
-
defined point
-
delivery point
-
demixing point
-
dendritic point
-
depth reference point
-
destination point
-
destruction point
-
detonation point
-
dew point
-
dial indicator contact point
-
diamond grinding point
-
diamond point
-
directional kickoff point
-
discharge point
-
dispatching point
-
dispersion point
-
distinct curve collar point
-
distinct points
-
distinguished point
-
distribution point
-
double point
-
drain point
-
draw point
-
drawoff point
-
driving point
-
dropping point
-
dry point
-
dryout point
-
early warning point
-
edit point
-
edit-in point
-
edit-out point
-
elevation point
-
elliptic point
-
emission point
-
end point
-
energy breakeven point
-
entry point
-
entry-exit points
-
equal time point
-
equilibrium point
-
eutectic point
-
exclamation point
-
exhaustion end point
-
exit point
-
exterior point
-
extraction point
-
face point
-
fashioning point
-
fatigue point
-
feeding point
-
fiber saturation point
-
fiducial point
-
filling point
-
filling-in point
-
film entry point
-
film leaving point
-
final approach point
-
final boiling point
-
fine point
-
fire point
-
firing point
-
fixed point
-
flame break point
-
flare point
-
flash point
-
flexion point
-
flight reference point
-
flight way point
-
floating point
-
floc point
-
flooding point
-
flow point
-
flywheel dead point
-
focal point
-
forced open point
-
forward stagnation point
-
fouling point
-
freeze point
-
freezing point
-
French point
-
frontier point
-
frost point
-
fuel injection point
-
fuel servicing point
-
full point
-
fusing point
-
gage point
-
gaging point
-
gas hydrate formation point
-
gas point
-
geodetic point
-
glazier's point
-
gloss point
-
grasp point
-
grid point
-
grouped service points
-
half point
-
hammer point
-
hard points
-
heat point
-
heavy ball needle point
-
heavy rounded set needle point
-
heavy set needle point
-
holding point
-
hopper work point
-
horizontal control point
-
ice point
-
ignition point
-
image point
-
impact point
-
incongruent melting point
-
index point
-
infeed changeover point
-
initial point
-
injection point
-
insertion point
-
integral point
-
intended landing point
-
intercardinal point
-
interception point
-
intercept point
-
interior point
-
interlocked point
-
isoelectric point
-
jacking point
-
junction point
-
knee point
-
laminar separation point
-
landfall point of the storm
-
last departure point
-
lattice point
-
leaving point
-
leveling point
-
level point
-
lifter point
-
lifting point
-
lift-off point
-
light ball needle point
-
light rounded set needle point
-
light set needle point
-
limiting point
-
limit point
-
linking point
-
load point
-
loading point
-
load-unload point
-
long collar point
-
lower yield point
-
lubrication point
-
machine home point
-
macroyield point
-
maker point
-
matching point
-
matrix point
-
maximum power point
-
measurement point
-
measure point
-
medium ball needle point
-
melting point
-
mesh point
-
mid-boiling point
-
mixed melting point
-
movable point
-
multiple point
-
needle point
-
neutral point
-
nodal point
-
node point
-
noise measurement point
-
normal round needle point
-
observation point
-
open point
-
operation point
-
optimum point
-
panel point
-
paper point
-
paraffin crystallization point
-
peak point
-
pelerine point
-
pen point
-
pickup point
-
piercing point
-
pile stoppage point
-
pinch point
-
pinning point
-
pitch point
-
pivotal point
-
pivot point
-
plait point
-
plow point
-
point of absolute zero
-
point of arrival
-
point of contraflexure
-
point of curve
-
point of departure
-
point of discontinuity
-
point of distance
-
point of engagement
-
point of fault
-
point of force application
-
point of graph
-
point of hook
-
point of increase
-
point of inflection
-
point of intersection
-
point of load application
-
point of looper
-
point of maximum
-
point of minimum
-
point of no return
-
point of occlusion
-
point of sight
-
point of support
-
point of tangency
-
point of tree
-
porous point
-
pour point
-
power point
-
precision point
-
preroll point
-
primary calibration point
-
principal point
-
probe point
-
projected peak point
-
pullout point
-
quadrantal point
-
quarter-span point
-
quarter point
-
quiescent operating point
-
radix point
-
reaction point
-
receiving point
-
reentry point
-
reference point
-
reflection depth point
-
refraction depth point
-
regional heat point
-
reporting point
-
rerun point
-
ripper point
-
rounded set needle point
-
saddle point
-
salient point
-
saturation point
-
sectioning point
-
set needle point
-
set point
-
setting point
-
shot point
-
sighting point
-
singing point
-
single defect point
-
single point
-
singular point
-
sintering point
-
slinging point
-
smoke point
-
softening point
-
solder termination point
-
solidification point
-
source point
-
special ball needle point
-
spring point
-
square collar point
-
stable point
-
stadia point
-
stagnation point
-
star point
-
stationary breaker point
-
stitch transfer point
-
stuck point
-
subsatellite point
-
support point
-
surveying point
-
survey point
-
switch point
-
switching point
-
takeoff point
-
tangent point
-
tapping point
-
terminal point
-
termination point
-
test point
-
thaw point
-
thermal critical point
-
thermodynamic point
-
third point
-
threshold point
-
tie point
-
toll point
-
tool point
-
touch point
-
touchdown point
-
towing point
-
tow point
-
trailing point
-
transfer initiation point
-
transfer point
-
transformation point
-
transit point
-
transition point
-
trap point
-
triangulation point
-
triple point
-
tripping point
-
true molal boiling point
-
turning point
-
umbilical point
-
unload point
-
unloading point
-
upper yield point
-
valley point
-
vanishing point
-
vertical control point
-
visible point
-
vitrifying point
-
volumetric boiling point
-
water supply point
-
wax dropout point
-
weight boiling point
-
weight-drop point
-
well point
-
wiring point
-
word break point
-
working point
-
yield point
-
Y-point
-
zero point

Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > point

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control initiation

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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control initiation

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